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Constitutional delay of growth is characterized by a positive family history of late maturation, while growth hormone deficiency typically is not associated with such a family pattern.
What is the primary diagnostic difference between constitutional delay of growth and growth hormone deficiency?
1) Family history
2) Epiphyseal development
3) Birth weight and height
4) GH receptor sensitivity
The polyps in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome are typically large and pedunculated with a lobulated contour. Histologically, they exhibit a characteristic arborizing network of connective tissue, smooth muscle, lamina propria, and glands lined by normal appearing intestinal epithelium.
What is the characteristic histological feature of the polyps in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome?
1) Adenomatous changes
2) Papillomatous structure
3) Arborizing network of connective tissue and smooth muscle
4) High-grade dysplasia
The strongest genetic association with Celiac disease is with the HLA-DQ2 haplotype, which is found in the majority of patients with the condition.
Which of the following HLA types is most strongly associated with Celiac disease?
1) HLA-DQ2
2) HLA-DQ8
3) HLA-B8
4) HLA-DR3
Shiga-like toxins produced by EHEC bind to ribosomes in target cells, particularly endothelial cells, and inhibit protein synthesis. This leads to cell damage and contributes to the development of hemolytic uremic syndrome.
What is the primary mechanism of action of Shiga-like toxins produced by EHEC?
1) Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes
2) Induces lipid peroxidation in cell membranes
3) Increases intracellular cAMP
4) Induces endothelial cell damage
Hypercalcemia, which is commonly seen in hyperparathyroidism, can suppress gastric mucosal function and lead to peptic ulcer disease.
A patient with hyperparathyroidism presents with peptic ulcer disease. What is the most likely underlying mechanism?
1) Direct action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on gastric mucosa
2) Indirect effects of PTH-induced hypercalcemia on gastric acid secretion
3) Secondary hypergastrinemia due to vitamin D deficiency
4) Autonomic neuropathy affecting gastric emptying
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NEET MDS