279+ quick-fire dental facts • tap a card to flip
Celiac disease is an autoimmune response to gluten proteins found in wheat, barley, rye, and possibly other grains, which leads to inflammation and damage in the small intestine.
What is the primary target of the immune response in Celiac disease?
1) Glia cells in the intestinal mucosa
2) Gluten proteins
3) Enterocytes in the intestinal villi
4) Pancreatic cells
Parahemophilia is a congenital deficiency of factor V, which is less severe than Hemophilia A or B. It leads to a mild bleeding diathesis. Factor XII deficiency is associated with Hageman trait, which typically does not cause a significant bleeding tendency.
A patient has a congenital deficiency of which of the following factors leading to bleeding diathesis?
1) Factor II
2) Factor V
3) Factor X
4) Factor XII
Chronic kidney disease can lead to hyperuricemia due to decreased glomerular filtration rate, resulting in decreased excretion of uric acid by the kidneys.
A patient with chronic kidney disease is found to have a serum uric acid level of 8.0 mg/dL. This is most likely due to:
1) Excessive dietary purine intake
2) Decreased glomerular filtration rate
3) Excessive lactate production
4) Impaired tubular secretion of uric acid
Turner syndrome, characterized by the partial or complete absence of one X chromosome, is associated with a high incidence of growth hormone deficiency. This leads to short stature and delayed puberty in affected females. While the other conditions listed can have various endocrine abnormalities, they are not primarily linked to growth hormone deficiency.
Which of the following conditions is associated with a high incidence of growth hormone deficiency?
1) Down syndrome
2) Turner syndrome
3) Prader-Willi syndrome
4) Klinefelter syndrome
The description of a systolic murmur that increases with standing and decreases with squatting suggests a condition where the murmur is affected by changes in the flow across the mitral valve. This is characteristic of mitral regurgitation.
A 20-year-old female presents with a 3-month history of fatigue, weight loss, and dyspnea on exertion. Her physical exam reveals a systolic murmur at the left sternal border that increases with standing and decreases with squatting. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
1) Mitral stenosis
2) Mitral regurgitation
3) Aortic stenosis
4) Aortic regurgitation
Alcoholic cirrhosis is characterized by the presence of extensive scar tissue (fibrosis) and regenerative nodules within the liver. This results from chronic alcohol-induced damage to hepatocytes and the subsequent wound healing response.
Which of the following is a hallmark of alcoholic cirrhosis?
1) Massive hepatic necrosis
2) Fatty infiltration of hepatocytes
3) Extensive scar tissue and regenerative nodules
4) Inflammatory cell infiltration
The initial activation of vitamin D3 begins with its synthesis from 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin when exposed to UV light.
What is the first step in the activation of vitamin D3 in the body?
1) Liver hydroxylation to calcidiol
2) Kidney hydroxylation to calcitriol
3) Skin synthesis from 7-dehydrocholesterol
4) Intestinal absorption with bile salts
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