143+ quick-fire dental facts • tap a card to flip
Acetazolamide is a carbonic acid anhydrase stimulant Acetazolamide, non-competitively (but reversibly) inhibits carbonic anhydrase in proximal tubular cells.
Which of the following statement is not true about diuretics:
1) Acetazolamide is a carbonic acid anhydrase stimulant
2) Thiazides act on cortical diluting segment of loop of Henle
3) Frusemide is a high ceiling diuretic
4) Spironolactone is an aldosterone antagonist
Vasopressin antagonists like tolvaptan are aquaretics
Drug class causing free water clearance:
a) Diuretic
b) Saluretic
c) Uricosuric
d) Aquaretic
Beta-1 selective blockers
These include atenolol and metoprolol (as well as betaxolol, bevantolol, and perhaps esmolol).
Non-selective beta blockers
propranolol
Which of the following is a Beta-1 selective blocker ?
1) propranolol
2) nadolol
3) pindolol
4) betaxolol
Prostaglandins (specifically $PGE_2$ and $PGI_2$) stimulate mucus and bicarbonate secretion in the stomach. Inhibiting their production makes the mucosa vulnerable to acid-induced injury.
Why do NSAIDs increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding?
1) They inhibit gastric acid secretion, causing tissue damage
2) They increase the permeability of the gastric lining to pepsin
3) They stimulate the release of histamine in the stomach
4) They reduce prostaglandin production, which protects the gastric mucosa
Phase III studies are randomized controlled multicenter trials on large patient groups (300–3,000 or more depending upon the disease/medical condition studied) and are aimed at being the definitive assessment of how effective the drug is, in comparison with current 'gold standard' treatment.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the phase III clinical trial of a drug?
1) It is intended to determine drug efficacy and toxicity on a large number of patients
2) It is performed only on primates
3) It is performed with only a few volunteer subjects
4) It is primarily intended to determine the LD50 of a drug
Gingivitis is a form of periodontal disease. Periodontal disease is when inflammation and infection destroy the tissues that support the teeth, including the gingiva (gums), the periodontal ligaments, and the tooth sockets (alveolar bone Malocclusion of teeth (misaligned teeth), rough edges of fillings, and ill fitting or unclean mouth appliances (such as orthodontic appliances, dentures, bridges, and crowns) can irritate the gums and increase the risk of gingivitis.
Medications such as phenytoin and birth control pills, and ingestion of heavy metals such as lead and bismuth are also associated with gingivitis.
A medication that is associated with gingivitis
1) phenytoin
2) carbamazepine
3) propranolol
4) diazepam
Treatment of meningococcal meningitis:
Drug of choice – Penicillin G
In case of penicillin resistance, third generation cephalosporins should be used ( Ceftriaxone / CefotaximeIn case of penicillin / cephalosporin allergy, Chloramphenicol is used
Which of the following is used in the treatment of meningococcal meningitis in patients allergic to penicillin?
1) Ciprofloxacin
2) Teicoplanin
3) Meropenem
4) Chloramphenicol
Long-term systemic corticosteroid therapy suppresses the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis through negative feedback. Abrupt withdrawal after prolonged use may result in adrenal insufficiency. Therefore, corticosteroids should be tapered gradually after extended treatment.
What is a major risk of long-term systemic corticosteroid use in the treatment of chronic allergic conditions?
1). Increased histamine release
2). Development of resistance to antihistamines
3). Decreased effectiveness in blocking histamine receptors
4). Suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to adrenal insufficiency
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