143+ quick-fire dental facts • tap a card to flip
COX-1 is involved in the maintenance of gastric mucosal integrity. By selectively inhibiting COX-2, these drugs reduce inflammation while sparing the protective gastric effects mediated by COX-1.
What is the primary advantage of selective COX-2 inhibitors over non-selective NSAIDs?
1) They have stronger anti-inflammatory effects
2) They cause fewer gastrointestinal side effects
3) They inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 more effectively
4) They do not affect platelet aggregation
The psychoactive effects of cannabinoids such as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are mediated primarily through activation of CB1 receptors located throughout the central nervous system. CB1 receptor activation modulates the release of multiple neurotransmitters, including GABA and glutamate, resulting in altered mood, perception, memory, appetite, and motor coordination.
What is the primary target of cannabinoids in the brain that leads to their psychoactive effects?
1). CB1 receptors in the central nervous system
2). Opioid receptors in the spinal cord
3). GABA receptors in the brainstem
4). NMDA receptors in the hippocampus
Phenytoin inhibits insulin secretion and causes hyperglycemia.
False statement regarding phenytoin is?
1) It is a teratogenic drug
2) Highly protein bound
3) Induces insulin secretion
4) Follows saturation kinetics
Neuraminidase inhibitors such as oseltamivir and zanamivir inhibit the influenza viral neuraminidase enzyme. This prevents cleavage of sialic acid residues, trapping newly formed virions on the surface of infected cells and limiting viral spread to adjacent respiratory epithelial cells. Early administration within 48 hours of symptom onset provides the greatest clinical benefit.
What is the primary mechanism by which neuraminidase inhibitors, such as oseltamivir, combat influenza infection?
1). They prevent the release of newly formed virions from infected cells
2). They block viral RNA replication
3). They inhibit viral neuraminidase, preventing viral release from the host cell
4). They interfere with viral attachment to host cells
Corticosteroids have a delayed onset of action and do not reverse acute airway obstruction or hypotension. Instead, they suppress ongoing inflammation, reduce late-phase allergic responses, and decrease the likelihood of recurrent or biphasic anaphylactic reactions. Epinephrine remains the first-line treatment.
Why are corticosteroids used in cases of anaphylaxis despite their delayed onset of action?
1). They provide immediate relief of airway obstruction
2). They enhance histamine degradation
3). They replace the function of antihistamines
4). They prevent late-phase allergic reactions and reduce the risk of recurrence
Tolerance: The capacity to absorb a drug continuously or in large doses without adverse effect; diminution in the response to a drug after prolonged use.
Developed hypo reactivity to a drug is
1) Detoxification
2) Antagonism
3) Tolerance
4) Desensitization
Echinocandins are known as "penicillins for fungi" because they inhibit the enzyme $eta$-(1,3)-D-glucan synthase, which is essential for cell wall structure.
What is the mechanism by which echinocandins, such as caspofungin, inhibit fungal growth?
1) By inhibiting the synthesis of fungal proteins
2) By blocking ergosterol synthesis in the fungal cell membrane
3) By binding to fungal DNA, preventing its replication
4) By inhibiting the synthesis of beta-glucan in the fungal cell wall
First-generation antihistamines readily cross the blood-brain barrier and block central H1 receptors, resulting in sedation, drowsiness, impaired concentration, and decreased psychomotor performance. This sedative effect limits their use in patients who drive or operate machinery.
Which of the following is a common side effect of first-generation antihistamines due to their central nervous system penetration?
1). Tachycardia
2). Sedation and drowsiness
3). Hypertension
4). Increased appetite
Protease inhibitors are commonly associated with metabolic complications including lipodystrophy, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. Patients receiving long-term therapy should undergo regular monitoring of blood glucose and lipid profiles to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Which of the following is a common adverse effect associated with HIV protease inhibitors?
1). Lipodystrophy and metabolic disturbances
2). Acute renal failure
3). Cardiotoxicity
4). Pancreatic necrosis
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