MDS PREP
The most common cause of hypercalcemia in malignancy is:
1) Osteoblastic metastasis
2) Osteolytic metastasis
3) Hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome
4) Ectopic parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) secretion
Hypercalcemia is a common metabolic complication in cancer patients, particularly those with solid tumors such as breast cancer, lung cancer, and multiple myeloma. The most common cause is the secretion of a parathyroid hormone-like protein called PTHrP by the tumor cells.
Commonest type of lung carcinoma in non-smokers
1) Squamous cell carcinoma
2) Adenocarcinoma
3) Alveolar cell carcinoma
4) Small cell carcinoma
General Medicine
Answer: 2
Adenocarcinoma is the most prevalent lung carcinoma type among non-smokers, often linked to genetic mutations and environmental factors rather than smoking.
What is the primary mechanism of action of antihistamines in the management of anaphylaxis?
1) Blocking the release of mediators from mast cells
2) Directly counteracting the effects of histamine on H1 receptors
3) Acting on beta-2 adrenergic receptors to dilate bronchioles
4) Inhibiting the production of leukotrienes and prostaglandins
Antihistamines, particularly H1 blockers, are used to counteract the vasodilatory and bronchoconstrictive effects of histamine in anaphylaxis.
Kaussmaul"s breathing is due to presence of
1) Bicarbonate
2) H+ ions
3) Chloride ions
4) K+ ions
General Medicine
Answer: 2
Kaussmaul's breathing is due to the presence of H+ ions
Which of the following is NOT a primary glomerular disease that can cause nephrotic syndrome?
1) Membranous nephropathy
2) Minimal change disease
3) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
4) Systemic lupus erythematosus
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a systemic disease with renal manifestations that can cause nephrotic syndrome, but it is not a primary glomerular disease. The primary glomerular diseases listed that can lead to nephrotic syndrome are membranous nephropathy, minimal-change disease, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
What is the primary mechanism of action of adrenaline in treating anaphylactic shock?
1) Blocking the release of mediators from mast cells
2) Directly counteracting the effects of histamine on H1 receptors
3) Acting on beta-2 adrenergic receptors to dilate bronchioles and alpha-1 receptors to constrict blood vessels
4) Inhibiting the production of leukotrienes and prostaglandins
Adrenaline primarily works by binding to beta-2 receptors, causing bronchodilation and increasing cardiac output, and to alpha-1 receptors, causing vasoconstriction. This helps to counteract the vasodilatory and bronchoconstrictive effects of histamine.
What is the most common cause of death in patients with anaphylactic shock?
1) Respiratory failure due to bronchoconstriction
2) Cardiac arrest due to arrhythmias
3) Seizures
4) Stroke
The most common cause of death in anaphylactic shock is respiratory failure resulting from bronchoconstriction and laryngeal edema. Immediate airway management and bronchodilation are critical in the treatment of anaphylaxis.
Which autoantibody is most specific for the diagnosis of SLE?
1) Anti-double stranded DNA
2) Anti-Smith antigen
3) Anti-nuclear antibody
4) Anti-RNP antibody
Anti-Smith (anti-Sm) antibodies are highly specific for SLE and are found in about 20-30% of patients. While antinuclear antibodies and anti-double stranded DNA antibodies are also associated with SLE, they are less specific as they can also be present in other conditions.