MDS PREP
What is the primary mechanism of action of the heat-labile toxin produced by ETEC?
1) Increases intracellular cAMP
2) Increases intracellular cGMP
3) Inhibits DNA synthesis
4) Induces lipid peroxidation
The heat-labile toxin (LT) of ETEC is similar to cholera toxin and acts by increasing intracellular cAMP levels in enterocytes, leading to excessive chloride and fluid secretion into the lumen of the gut, resulting in diarrhea.
What is the most common complication of chronic SLE?
1) Lupus nephritis
2) Rheumatoid arthritis
3) Lupus cardiomyopathy
4) Thrombocytopenia
Lupus nephritis is the most common complication of chronic SLE, affecting approximately 50% of patients. It is characterized by inflammation of the kidneys and can lead to kidney failure if not properly managed.
Which of the following is NOT a function of fibrinogen in the coagulation cascade?
1) Precursor to fibrin
2) Coagulation factor stabilizer
3) Blood clot formation
4) Blood clot dissolution
Fibrinogen is essential for blood clot formation as it is converted into fibrin by thrombin. However, its role is not in dissolving blood clots; that is primarily the function of plasminogen, which is converted to plasmin.
Most common symptom of pulmonary embolism
1) Chest pain
2) Dyspnoea
3) Haemoptysis
4) Cough
General Medicine
Answer: 2
The most common symptom of pulmonary embolism is dyspnoea
What is the typical inheritance pattern of Hemophilia A?
1) Autosomal recessive
2) Autosomal dominant
3) Sex-linked recessive
4) Sex-linked dominant
Hemophilia A is typically inherited in a sex-linked recessive pattern, meaning it is caused by a mutation in a gene on the X chromosome. Males are more commonly affected since they have only one X chromosome, while females with one normal and one affected X chromosome are usually carriers and may exhibit mild symptoms.
The most frequent source of pulmonary embolism is
1) Leg veins
2) Heart
3) Arm veins
4) Splenic vein
General Medicine
Answer: 1
The most frequent source of pulmonary embolism is leg veins
In a patient with a GRF (Glomerular Filtration Rate) of 44 ml/min, which stage of chronic kidney disease would they likely be categorized in?
1) Stage 1: Kidney damaged with normal renal function
2) Stage 2: Kidney damaged with mild loss of renal function
3) Stage 3a: Mild to moderate loss of renal function
4) Stage 3b: Moderate to severe loss of renal function
The patient's GRF falls within the range of 44-30 ml/min, which corresponds to Stage 3b of chronic kidney disease, indicating a moderate to severe loss of renal function.
What is the typical endoscopic appearance of the small intestine in patients with untreated celiac disease?
1) Normal
2) Atrophic villi
3) Ulcers
4) Inflamed mucosa
Untreated celiac disease leads to villous atrophy, where the finger-like projections of the intestinal mucosa become flattened, reducing the surface area for nutrient absorption.