MDS PREP
Site of damage in Bell"s palsy is
1) Exit of facial nerve at stylomastoid foramen
2) Labyrinthine portion of VII nerve within facial canal
3) Within parotid gland
4) None
General Medicine
Answer: 2
Damage in Bell's palsy typically occurs in the labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve (VII) as it travels through the temporal bone.
Presence of cavitation in TB indicates the disease is
1) Active
2) Inactive
3) Persistent
4) Super infection
General Medicine
Answer: 1
Presence of cavitation in TB indicates the disease is active
Most common symptom of pulmonary embolism
1) Chest pain
2) Dyspnoea
3) Haemoptysis
4) Cough
General Medicine
Answer: 2
The most common symptom of pulmonary embolism is dyspnoea
What is the mechanism of action of Clostridium difficile toxins in pseudomembranous colitis?
1) Direct damage to the intestinal mucosal cells
2) Formation of pseudomembranes
3) Inhibition of intestinal peristalsis
4) Alteration of intestinal microbiota composition
The toxins produced by Clostridium difficile cause ribosylation of small GTPases like Rho, leading to disruption of the actin cytoskeleton, increased cytokine release, and epithelial cell apoptosis, which in turn results in the formation of pseudomembranes and the symptoms of pseudomembranous colitis.
In a patient with a GRF (Glomerular Filtration Rate) of 44 ml/min, which stage of chronic kidney disease would they likely be categorized in?
1) Stage 1: Kidney damaged with normal renal function
2) Stage 2: Kidney damaged with mild loss of renal function
3) Stage 3a: Mild to moderate loss of renal function
4) Stage 3b: Moderate to severe loss of renal function
The patient's GRF falls within the range of 44-30 ml/min, which corresponds to Stage 3b of chronic kidney disease, indicating a moderate to severe loss of renal function.
What is the primary function of protein S?
1) Inhibition of factor Xa
2) Inhibition of factor VIIIa
3) Inhibition of factor IIa (thrombin)
4) Activation of factor V
Protein S, in complex with activated protein C, acts as a cofactor for the inhibition of factor Xa, thus playing a role in the regulation of the coagulation cascade and preventing thrombus formation.
What is Laron syndrome or Laron dwarfism?
1) A genetic disorder causing severe growth hormone deficiency
2) A form of familial short stature
3) Growth hormone resistance due to a defect in GH receptor
4) A condition resulting from a mutation in the GHRH gene
Laron syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by insensitivity to growth hormone due to mutations in the GH receptor, leading to proportionate dwarfism and characteristic facial features.
What is the most common congenital cause of hypoprothrombinemia?
1) Afibrinogenemia
2) Vitamin K deficiency
3) Hemophilia A
4) Hemophilia B
Although the question mentions that hypoprothrombinemia is associated with vitamin K deficiency, the most common congenital cause of hypoprothrombinemia is actually deficiency of factor II, which is vitamin K-dependent. Vitamin K deficiency can lead to impaired synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X in the liver.