MDS PREP
The diagnostic laboratory finding in nephrotic syndrome
1) Elevated blood urea
2) Severe anaemia
3) Massive albuminuria
4) Hyperglycaemia
General Medicine
Answer: 3
Massive albuminuria, characterized by excess protein in urine, is a hallmark of nephrotic syndrome, alongside edema and hyperlipidemia.
Which of the following is NOT a function of fibrinogen in the coagulation cascade?
1) Precursor to fibrin
2) Coagulation factor stabilizer
3) Blood clot formation
4) Blood clot dissolution
Fibrinogen is essential for blood clot formation as it is converted into fibrin by thrombin. However, its role is not in dissolving blood clots; that is primarily the function of plasminogen, which is converted to plasmin.
What is the most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease) in developing countries?
1) Tuberculosis
2) Autoimmune diseases
3) Adrenal hemorrhage
4) Adrenal cancer
In developing countries, the most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency is tuberculosis, due to its higher prevalence and ability to spread to various organs, including the adrenal glands.
A 20-year-old female presents with a 3-month history of fatigue, weight loss, and dyspnea on exertion. Her physical exam reveals a systolic murmur at the left sternal border that increases with standing and decreases with squatting. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
1) Mitral stenosis
2) Mitral regurgitation
3) Aortic stenosis
4) Aortic regurgitation
The description of a systolic murmur that increases with standing and decreases with squatting suggests a condition where the murmur is affected by changes in the flow across the mitral valve. This is characteristic of mitral regurgitation.
What is the primary pathogenic mechanism of Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)?
1) Invasion of gut epithelial cells
2) Production of heat-labile toxin (LT) and heat-stable toxin (ST)
3) Induction of lipid peroxidation
4) Production of Shiga-like toxins
ETEC are the principal cause of traveler’s diarrhe1) They produce both a heat-labile toxin (LT) and a heat-stable toxin (ST) that act on the intestinal mucos1) The LT is similar to cholera toxin and increases intracellular cGMP levels, leading to enhanced fluid and electrolyte secretion into the lumen and thus diarrhe1) The ST acts by a different mechanism but also enhances fluid and electrolyte secretion.
What is the primary hormone responsible for the regulation of calcium homeostasis?
1) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
2) Calcitonin
3) Vitamin D
4) Thyrocalcitonin
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the primary hormone that regulates calcium homeostasis in the body. It is secreted by the parathyroid glands and acts on the kidneys, bones, and intestines to maintain serum calcium levels within a narrow range. While vitamin D and calcitonin also play roles in calcium metabolism, PTH is the major player in this regulatory process.
In a patient with a GRF (Glomerular Filtration Rate) of 44 ml/min, which stage of chronic kidney disease would they likely be categorized in?
1) Stage 1: Kidney damaged with normal renal function
2) Stage 2: Kidney damaged with mild loss of renal function
3) Stage 3a: Mild to moderate loss of renal function
4) Stage 3b: Moderate to severe loss of renal function
The patient's GRF falls within the range of 44-30 ml/min, which corresponds to Stage 3b of chronic kidney disease, indicating a moderate to severe loss of renal function.
A patient with diabetes mellitus presents with a non-healing foot ulcer. Which of the following is NOT a component of the comprehensive management of the ulcer?
1) Infection control
2) Daily wound dressing changes
3) Blood glucose management
4) Revascularization if indicated
While daily wound dressing changes are a part of ulcer care, the other options are more critical in the comprehensive management of diabetic foot ulcers.