MDS PREP
What is the typical endoscopic appearance of the small intestine in patients with untreated celiac disease?
1) Normal
2) Atrophic villi
3) Ulcers
4) Inflamed mucosa
Untreated celiac disease leads to villous atrophy, where the finger-like projections of the intestinal mucosa become flattened, reducing the surface area for nutrient absorption.
What is the primary mechanism of action of adrenaline in treating anaphylactic shock?
1) Blocking the release of mediators from mast cells
2) Directly counteracting the effects of histamine on H1 receptors
3) Acting on beta-2 adrenergic receptors to dilate bronchioles and alpha-1 receptors to constrict blood vessels
4) Inhibiting the production of leukotrienes and prostaglandins
Adrenaline primarily works by binding to beta-2 receptors, causing bronchodilation and increasing cardiac output, and to alpha-1 receptors, causing vasoconstriction. This helps to counteract the vasodilatory and bronchoconstrictive effects of histamine.
What is the major effector of cell injury in alcoholic hepatitis?
1) Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
2) Interferon gamma (IFN-?)
3) Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
4) Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
TNF is considered the main effector of injury in alcoholic hepatitis. It is produced by activated macrophages, particularly Kupffer cells, and plays a critical role in the initiation and perpetuation of inflammation and necrosis in the liver.
A patient has a congenital deficiency of which of the following factors leading to bleeding diathesis?
1) Factor II
2) Factor V
3) Factor X
4) Factor XII
Parahemophilia is a congenital deficiency of factor V, which is less severe than Hemophilia A or B. It leads to a mild bleeding diathesis. Factor XII deficiency is associated with Hageman trait, which typically does not cause a significant bleeding tendency.
All are seen in ARDS except
1) Pulmonary oedema
2) Decreased tidal volume
3) Hypercapnia
4) Decreased compliance
General Medicine
Answer: 3
All are seen in ARDS except hypercapnia
What is the primary role of ceruloplasmin?
1) Transport of copper
2) Anti-inflammatory activity
3) Lipid metabolism
4) Blood clotting
Ceruloplasmin is a protein synthesized in the liver that primarily functions to transport and regulate the levels of copper in the bloodstream. It is not directly involved in blood clotting or inflammation.
A patient with diabetes mellitus presents with a non-healing foot ulcer. Which of the following is NOT a component of the comprehensive management of the ulcer?
1) Infection control
2) Daily wound dressing changes
3) Blood glucose management
4) Revascularization if indicated
While daily wound dressing changes are a part of ulcer care, the other options are more critical in the comprehensive management of diabetic foot ulcers.
A 35-year-old male with a history of alcoholism presents with confusion, tremors, and hypotension. His blood tests show elevated serum ammonia levels. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
1) Hepatic encephalopathy
2) Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
3) Delirium tremens
4) Alcoholic ketoacidosis
The combination of confusion, tremors, and elevated serum ammonia levels in the setting of alcoholism suggests hepatic encephalopathy, which can occur due to liver dysfunction.