MDS PREP
Which of the following causes bronchodilatation?
1) adrenaline (epinephrine)
2) histamine
3) prostaglandin E2
4) guaifenesin
General Medicine Answer: 1
Adrenaline (epinephrine) is a sympathomimetic agent that causes bronchodilatation. It is used to relieve bronchospasm in anaphylactic shock reactions.
Histamine, kinins and prostaglandins, such as prostaglandin E2, are inflammatory mediators. In response to allergic stimuli, inflammatory mediators may cause bronchoconstrictions.
Guaifenesin is an expectorant preparation that increases bronchial secretions to promote the expulsion of the mucus coughed up.
What is the typical course of chronic hepatitis?
1) Rapid progression to cirrhosis
2) Spontaneous resolution
3) Persistent infection with potential for chronic inflammation and fibrosis
4) Immediate onset of liver failure
Chronic hepatitis, often caused by viral infections such as hepatitis B and C, can persist for years and may lead to chronic inflammation, liver fibrosis, and in some cases, cirrhosis or liver cancer.
What is the primary mechanism of action of the heat-stable toxin produced by ETEC?
1) Increases intracellular cAMP
2) Increases intracellular cGMP
3) Induces lipid peroxidation
4) Inhibits DNA synthesis
The heat-stable toxin (ST) of ETEC increases intracellular cGMP, leading to increased fluid and electrolyte secretion into the gut lumen, contributing to the diarrheal illness.
A newborn baby has severe bleeding. Which of the following coagulation factor deficiencies is the most common cause of this condition?
1) Factor II deficiency
2) Factor V deficiency
3) Factor VIII deficiency
4) Factor X deficiency
In newborns, factor VIII deficiency, known as Hemophilia A, is the most common cause of severe bleeding. It is an X-linked recessive disorder, which means that females are carriers and males are affected. The severity of the bleeding is indicative of the lack of this crucial coagulation factor.
Which of the following may result from chronic bronchitis?
1) Cor pulmonale
2) Increased airway resistance
3) Metaplasia and dysplasia of respiratory epithelium
4) All of the above
General Medicine
Answer: 4
Chronic bronchitis may result in cor pulmonale, increased airway resistance, metaplasia and dysplasia of respiratory epithelium
The diagnostic laboratory finding in nephrotic syndrome
1) Elevated blood urea
2) Severe anaemia
3) Massive albuminuria
4) Hyperglycaemia
General Medicine
Answer: 3
Massive albuminuria, characterized by excess protein in urine, is a hallmark of nephrotic syndrome, alongside edema and hyperlipidemia.
In a patient with a pulmonary embolism, which of the following is the most sensitive diagnostic test?
1) Chest X-ray
2) D-dimer assay
3) Computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA)
4) Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan
CTPA is the most sensitive diagnostic test for pulmonary embolism, as it directly visualizes the emboli in the pulmonary arteries.
What is the target organ for ACTH in the regulation of cortisol secretion?
1) Thyroid gland
2) Adrenal cortex
3) Ovary
4) Testis
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is produced by the pituitary gland and acts on the adrenal cortex to stimulate the secretion of cortisol, an essential glucocorticoid hormone. The adrenal cortex is the target organ for ACTH in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.