MDS PREP
Hereditary spherocytosis is due to deficiency -
1) Spectrin
2) Invertin
3) Cytokeratin
4) All of the above
General Pathology
Answer: 1
Hereditary spherocytosis is primarily due to a deficiency of spectrin, a protein that helps maintain the integrity of the red blood cell membrane.
Ramsay Hunt syndrome affects which nerve
1. 5th nerve
2. 7th nerve
3. 9th nerve
4. 10th nerve
Oral Pathology
Answer: 2
Ramsay Hunt syndrome affects the 7th nerve.
Prodromal symptomos precede 1 to 2 days before the onset of disease in
1) Viral fever
2) Erythema multiforme
3) Pemphigus
4) Pemphigoid
Oral Pathology
Answer: 1
Explanation: Prodromal symptoms are early signs that precede the full onset of a disease. In the case of viral fevers, patients often experience nonspecific symptoms such as malaise, fatigue, and low-grade fever 1 to 2 days before the more specific symptoms of the viral infection appear.
Leukaemia should be high on a list of differential diagnosis when which of the following is noted?
1. Spontaneous bleeding
2. Persistent headache
3. Epigastric pain
4. Chronic or acute arthralgia
Oral Pathology
Answer: 1
Spontaneous bleeding is a key indicator for considering leukemia in differential diagnosis.
The principle hazard to operator and patient is produced by what type of radiation
1. Gamma
2. Primary
3. Secondary
4. None of the above
Oral Pathology
Answer: 3
The principle hazard to the operator and patient is produced by secondary radiation.
The principal chemical mediator of immediate phase, of acute inflammation is:
1. Serotonin
2. Histamine
3. Kinin-Kallikrein
4. Complement system
Pathology
Answer: 2
The principal chemical mediator of the immediate phase of acute inflammation
is Histamine. Here's a detailed explanation of the options given:
1. Serotonin: While serotonin is a vasoactive substance that can cause blood
vessels to constrict or dilate, it is not the primary mediator of the immediate
phase of acute inflammation. It is mainly associated with the regulation of
mood, appetite, and sleep. In the context of inflammation, it plays a minor role
compared to histamine.
2. Histamine: Histamine is indeed the correct answer. It is a potent chemical
mediator released from mast cells and basophils in response to injury or
antigenic stimulation. Upon release, histamine acts on blood vessels to cause
vasodilation, increased permeability, and increased blood flow to the injured
area, which are hallmark features of the immediate phase of acute inflammation.
This results in the cardinal signs of inflammation: redness (rubor), heat
(calor), swelling (tumor), and pain (dolor).
3. Kinin-Kallikrein system: The kinin-kallikrein system is another important
mediator of inflammation, but it is more involved in the later phases. When
activated, it results in the formation of kinins, such as bradykinin, which
contribute to increased vascular permeability and pain. However, it is not the
first line mediator in the immediate phase.
4. Complement system: The complement system is a group of proteins in the blood
that work with antibodies to destroy pathogens and trigger inflammation. It is a
key component of the innate immune response, but its activation and role are
more pronounced in the later stages of inflammation rather than the immediate
phase. The complement system is involved in the opsonization of pathogens,
recruitment of phagocytes, and the formation of the membrane attack complex,
which can lyse certain bacteria and cells.
The immediate phase of acute inflammation is characterized by the rapid response
to tissue injury, which includes vasoactive changes and increased vascular
permeability to allow fluid, cells, and proteins to move into the interstitial
space. Histamine is quickly released from mast cells and basophils and acts on
H1 receptors of blood vessels to induce vasodilation and increased permeability.
This leads to the early symptoms of inflammation, such as swelling, redness,
heat, and pain, and is crucial for the initiation of the inflammatory response
to protect the body from harm.
In a patient with Cushing's syndrome, which of the following is NOT a typical laboratory finding?
1) Low serum cortisol
2) High serum cortisol
3) Low serum ACTH
4) High serum potassium
Low serum cortisol is not a typical laboratory finding in Cushing's syndrome, where high serum cortisol is expected.
The size of the red blood cells is measured by -
1) MCV
2) MCHC
3) ESR
4) MCH
General Pathology
Answer: 1
The size of red blood cells is measured by Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), which indicates the average volume of a red blood cell.