MDS PREP
Birbeck’s granules in the cytoplasm are seen in:
1) Langerhans cells
2) Mast cells
3) Myelocytes
4) Thrombocytes
General Pathology
Answer: 1
Birbeck’s granules are characteristic of Langerhans cells, which are involved in the immune response and are found in the skin.
The major stimulator of monocytes
1. IL-I
2. ã-interferon
3. IgE
4. lgG
Pathology Answer: 1
1. Interleukin-1 (IL-1): Interleukin-1 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that
plays a crucial role in the activation and regulation of the immune system. It
is produced mainly by macrophages and monocytes in response to various stimuli,
including bacterial endotoxins, viruses, and tissue damage. IL-1 is a major
stimulator of monocytes, as it promotes their proliferation, differentiation
into macrophages, and enhances their phagocytic and antigen-presenting
capabilities. It also induces the production of other cytokines, such as
TNF-alpha and IL-6, which further amplify the inflammatory response. Thus, it
acts as a critical mediator in the early stages of the immune response and is
involved in the initiation of the acute phase reaction.
2. α-Interferon: Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines that play an
essential role in the innate immune response to viral infections. They are
mainly produced by cells in response to viral infection and can induce an
antiviral state in nearby cells by upregulating the expression of proteins that
inhibit viral replication. While α-interferon does not directly stimulate
monocytes, it does have some effects on the immune system, such as enhancing the
natural killer (NK) cell activity and modulating the function of macrophages and
other immune cells. However, it is not the primary stimulator of monocytes like
IL-1 is.
3. Immunoglobulin E (IgE): IgE is a class of antibodies that are involved in the
allergic response and the immune response to parasites. It is produced in
response to allergens and parasitic antigens. While IgE is important in the
activation of mast cells and basophils, which play a key role in the immediate
allergic response, it does not serve as a major stimulator of monocytes.
Monocytes are more closely associated with the innate immune response and are
not primarily activated by antibodies.
4. Immunoglobulin G (IgG): IgG is the most abundant and versatile class of
antibodies in the blood. It plays a pivotal role in the immune response by
binding to pathogens and facilitating their destruction through various
mechanisms, such as opsonization (enhancing phagocytosis), activation of the
complement system, and neutralization of toxins. IgG can interact with
macrophages via Fcγ receptors, which can lead to phagocytosis of
antigen-antibody complexes. However, IgG is not a direct stimulator of monocytes
in the same sense that IL-1 is. Monocytes are primarily activated by cytokines
and other signaling molecules released during inflammation and infection, rather
than by antibodies.
What is the primary lesion associated with an increased risk of adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus?
1) Generalized fatigue
2) Goodpasture's syndrome
3) Barrett's esophagus
4) Sarcoma
Barrett's esophagus is the primary lesion associated with an increased risk of adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus.
All the following can produce febrile jaundice except -
1. Leptospirosis
2. Malaria
3. Enteric fever
4. Viral Hepatitis A
Pathology
Answer: 3
Leptospirosis, Malaria, Viral Hepatitis A can produce febrile jaundice
Attrition is
1. The loss by wear of tooth substance resulting from tooth brushing
2. The loss by wear of tooth substance resulting from mastication and bruxism
3. Both of the above
4. None of the above
Oral Pathology
Answer: 2
Attrition is the loss of tooth substance resulting from mastication and bruxism.
A patient on warfarin sodium following myocardial infarction reports for an oral surgical procedure. Which one of the following laboratory tests should be preferred to ascertain the fitness
1. Prothrombin time
2. Tourniquet time
3. Clotting time
4. Bleeding time
Oral Pathology
Answer: 1
Prothrombin time should be preferred to ascertain fitness for extraction in a patient on warfarin.
All of the following statements about an intraoral dental X-ray film are true except
1. It is composed of a cellulose acetate base coated with a silver bromide emulsion
2. It has a thin sheet of lead foil that lies in front of the film to prevent overexposure
3. It has an embossed dot on it which should be orientated towards the source of X-rays
4. It is exposed by the direct action of X-rays on the emulsion
Oral Pathology
Answer: 2
The statement about the lead foil is incorrect; it lies behind the film to prevent backscatter.
Reiter's syndrome is associated with which of the following microbial agents?
1) Staphylococcus aureus
2) Streptococcus pyogenes
3) Borrelia burgdorferi
4) Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., Yersinia spp., Campylobacter jejuni, and Chlamydia trachomatis
Reiter's syndrome is associated with microbial agents such as Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., Yersinia spp., Campylobacter jejuni, and Chlamydia trachomatis.