MDS PREP
Trigeminal neuralgia ( tic doulourex ) is characterized by
1. Paralysis of one side of the face
2. Uncontrollable twitching of muscles
3. Sharp, excruciating pain of short duration
4. Prolonged episodes of pain on one side of the face
Oral Pathology
Answer: 3
Trigeminal neuralgia is a chronic pain
condition involving the trigeminal nerve, which supplies sensation to the face.
The hallmark symptom is sudden, severe, stabbing or electric-shock-like pain,
typically lasting for seconds to a few minutes. This pain is often triggered by
stimuli such as touching the face, chewing, or even speaking. Other options
(e.g., paralysis or prolonged episodes) do not describe this condition
accurately.
Unit of measurements to compare radiation damage
1. Exposure
2. Dose
3. Effective dose
4. Dose equivalent
Oral Pathology
Answer: 4
The unit of measurement to compare radiation damage is dose equivalent.
The principal chemical mediator of immediate phase, of acute inflammation is:
1. Serotonin
2. Histamine
3. Kinin-Kallikrein
4. Complement system
Pathology
Answer: 2
The principal chemical mediator of the immediate phase of acute inflammation
is Histamine. Here's a detailed explanation of the options given:
1. Serotonin: While serotonin is a vasoactive substance that can cause blood
vessels to constrict or dilate, it is not the primary mediator of the immediate
phase of acute inflammation. It is mainly associated with the regulation of
mood, appetite, and sleep. In the context of inflammation, it plays a minor role
compared to histamine.
2. Histamine: Histamine is indeed the correct answer. It is a potent chemical
mediator released from mast cells and basophils in response to injury or
antigenic stimulation. Upon release, histamine acts on blood vessels to cause
vasodilation, increased permeability, and increased blood flow to the injured
area, which are hallmark features of the immediate phase of acute inflammation.
This results in the cardinal signs of inflammation: redness (rubor), heat
(calor), swelling (tumor), and pain (dolor).
3. Kinin-Kallikrein system: The kinin-kallikrein system is another important
mediator of inflammation, but it is more involved in the later phases. When
activated, it results in the formation of kinins, such as bradykinin, which
contribute to increased vascular permeability and pain. However, it is not the
first line mediator in the immediate phase.
4. Complement system: The complement system is a group of proteins in the blood
that work with antibodies to destroy pathogens and trigger inflammation. It is a
key component of the innate immune response, but its activation and role are
more pronounced in the later stages of inflammation rather than the immediate
phase. The complement system is involved in the opsonization of pathogens,
recruitment of phagocytes, and the formation of the membrane attack complex,
which can lyse certain bacteria and cells.
The immediate phase of acute inflammation is characterized by the rapid response
to tissue injury, which includes vasoactive changes and increased vascular
permeability to allow fluid, cells, and proteins to move into the interstitial
space. Histamine is quickly released from mast cells and basophils and acts on
H1 receptors of blood vessels to induce vasodilation and increased permeability.
This leads to the early symptoms of inflammation, such as swelling, redness,
heat, and pain, and is crucial for the initiation of the inflammatory response
to protect the body from harm.
The following protein defects can cause hereditary spherocytosis except -
1) Ankyrin
2) Palladin
3) Glycophorin C
4) Anion transport protein
General Pathology
Answer: 3
Glycophorin C is not associated with hereditary spherocytosis; it is a sialoglycoprotein found in the red blood cell membrane, while ankyrin, palladin, and anion transport protein are involved in the structural integrity of the membrane.
The skin of a patient undergoing radiotherapy will show after 2 weeks
1. Erythema
2. Depigmentation
3. Radiation-induced carcinomas
4. No change
Oral Pathology
Answer: 1
The skin of a patient undergoing radiotherapy will show erythema after 2 weeks.
A 3-year-old patient reports of painless progressive bilateral facial swellings. The tentative diagnosis is
1. Cherubism
2. Monostotic fibrous dysplasia
3. Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia
4. Central giant cell granuloma
Oral Pathology
Answer: 1
The tentative diagnosis for a 3-year-old with painless bilateral facial swellings is cherubism.
A bacterial disease with oral manifestations is
1. Herpes Measles
2. Measles
3. Diphtheria
4. Leishmaniasis
Oral Pathology
Answer: 3
Diphtheria serious bacterial infection that usually affects the mucous
membranes of the nose and throat.
Diphtheria signs and symptoms usually begin 2 to 5 days after a person becomes
infected. Signs and symptoms may include:
A thick, gray membrane covering the throat and tonsils
A sore throat and hoarseness
Swollen glands (enlarged lymph nodes) in the neck
Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing
Nasal discharge
Fever and chills
Tiredness
Skin (cutaneous) diphtheria
A second type of diphtheria can affect the skin, causing pain, redness and
swelling similar to other bacterial skin infections. Ulcers covered by a gray
membrane also may be a sign of skin diphtheria.
Which of the following is seen in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
1. Thrombocytosis
2. Increased prothrombin time
3. Increased bleeding time
4. Increased clotting time
Oral Pathology
Answer: 3
In idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, increased bleeding time is observed.