MDS PREP
Apoptosis is suggestive of?
1. liquifaction degeneration
2 coagulation necrosis
3 neo angiogenesis
4 eithelial dysplasia
Pathology
Answer: 2
Cells die by one of two mechanisms – necrosis or
apoptosis
• Two physiologically different processes
– Necrosis – death by injury
– Apoptosis – death by suicide
Appoptosis:
Disintegration of cells into membrane-bound particles that are then eliminated by phagocytosis or by shedding.
Osmotic fragility is increased in -
1) Sickle cell anaemia
2) Thalassemia
3) Hereditary spherocytosis
4) Chronic lead poisoning
General Pathology
Answer: 3
Osmotic fragility is increased in hereditary spherocytosis due to the abnormal shape and membrane stability of red blood cells.
The prothrombin levels that is of concern to dentist extraction is
1) 20 % normal PT
2) 40 % normal PT
3) 50 % normal PT
4) 100 % normal PT
Oral Pathology
Answer: 1
Prothrombin time (PT) is a measure of the blood's clotting ability. In dentistry, a PT level of 20% below normal is often considered a threshold for increased risk of bleeding during surgical procedures such as tooth extraction. At this level, the patient may be at risk for prolonged bleeding or hemorrhage. Dentists typically assess a patient's coagulation status before performing invasive procedures, especially if the patient has a known bleeding disorder or is on medications that affect clotting.
Hypercalcaemia is seen in
1. Hyperparathyroidism
2. Hypoparathyroidism
3. Hyperthyroidism
4. Hypthyroidism
Oral Pathology
Answer: 1
Hypercalcemia is commonly seen in hyperparathyroidism.
Dens in dente is thought to arise as a result of
1. a normal tooth but enclaved within an other tooth, during formation
2. proliferation and evagination of an area of the inner enamel epithelium
3. extensive growth of mesenchymal cells of pulp tissue
4. an invagination of the enamel organ during tooth formation
Oral Pathology
Answer: 4
Dens in dente is a rare developmental dental anomaly that is characterized by a tooth with an invaginated or cavity-like structure that appears like a "tooth within a tooth." It arises from an error during the morphodifferentiation stage of tooth development.
Gas Gangrene is caused by -
1. Clostridium tetani
2. Clostridium perfringens
3. Clostridium difficile
4. Peptostreptococci
Pathology
Answer: 2
Gas Gangrene, also known as clostridial myonecrosis or anaerobic cellulitis,
is a severe and rapidly progressing form of necrotizing soft tissue infection
caused by the bacterial genus Clostridium. The condition is characterized by the
production of gas within the tissues due to the fermentation of carbohydrates by
the bacteria. The most common species implicated in gas gangrene is Clostridium
perfringens.
1. Clostridium tetani: This bacterium is the causative agent of tetanus, which
is a neurotoxic disease that leads to muscle spasms and rigidity. It is not
directly associated with gas gangrene, although both are anaerobic infections
that can occur in deep puncture wounds and both produce exotoxins. However, the
primary symptom of tetanus is muscular rigidity and spasms due to the production
of tetanospasmin, not the tissue destruction and gas production seen in gas
gangrene.
2. Clostridium perfringens: This is the most common cause of gas gangrene. C.
perfringens produces alpha toxin, which is a powerful enzyme that can break down
tissue and release gas as a byproduct. The infection typically occurs in the
deep layers of the skin and muscles following a severe trauma, surgery, or
burns, where there is a lack of oxygen, allowing the anaerobic bacteria to
thrive. The rapid spread of infection is due to the bacteria's ability to
produce multiple exotoxins that cause tissue necrosis and vasoconstriction,
leading to ischemia and further tissue damage.
3. Clostridium difficile: Although a member of the Clostridium genus, C.
difficile is mainly associated with antibiotic-associated diarrhea and
pseudomembranous colitis. It is a hospital-acquired infection that affects the
intestinal tract and is not typically involved in causing gas gangrene. While it
is an anaerobic bacterium, its pathogenicity is primarily due to the production
of toxins that damage the colon's mucosal lining rather than invading tissues
outside the gut.
4. Peptostreptococci: These are anaerobic bacteria that can be part of the
normal skin and mucosal flora. They are involved in various infections,
particularly in immunocompromised individuals or those with underlying medical
conditions. Peptostreptococci are more commonly associated with mixed anaerobic
infections such as abscesses, osteomyelitis, and other soft tissue infections,
but they are not typically the sole cause of gas gangrene.
A young patient who has a long standing habit of sucking lemons has loss of tooth substance affecting the anterior teeth. The correct term for this gradual loss of tooth substance is called
1. Abrasion
2. Attrition
3. Erosion
4. Intrusion
Oral Pathology
Answer: 3
The gradual loss of tooth substance due to sucking lemons is called erosion.
What is the primary dietary modification recommended for patients with celiac sprue?
1) Low-fat diet
2) Low-carbohydrate diet
3) Low-calorie diet
4) Gluten-free diet
A gluten-free diet is the primary dietary modification recommended for patients with celiac sprue.