MDS PREP
Which of the following is ideal method of screening for secondaries lung
1) Chest X-ray
2) CT scan
3) MRI
4) Enzyme essay
General Medicine
Answer: 2
A CT scan is more sensitive than a chest X-ray for identifying metastatic lung disease and is typically used for such screenings.
What is the mechanism of action of Clostridium difficile toxins in pseudomembranous colitis?
1) Direct damage to the intestinal mucosal cells
2) Formation of pseudomembranes
3) Inhibition of intestinal peristalsis
4) Alteration of intestinal microbiota composition
The toxins produced by Clostridium difficile cause ribosylation of small GTPases like Rho, leading to disruption of the actin cytoskeleton, increased cytokine release, and epithelial cell apoptosis, which in turn results in the formation of pseudomembranes and the symptoms of pseudomembranous colitis.
What is the primary hormone responsible for the regulation of phosphate homeostasis?
1) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
2) Vitamin D
3) Calcitriol
4) Phosphatonin
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the primary hormone involved in the regulation of phosphate homeostasis. It acts to increase serum calcium levels and decrease serum phosphate levels by promoting calcium reabsorption and phosphate excretion in the kidneys and stimulating the release of calcium from bones.
In which of the following conditions is the prevalence of nephrotic syndrome more common in children than in adults?
1) Membranous nephropathy
2) Minimal-change disease
3) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
4) Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
Minimal-change disease is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children, with a prevalence of 65%. In contrast, it is less common in adults, affecting only 10% of cases.
Which of the following is NOT a feature of H. pylori infection?
1) Increased gastric acid production
2) Predominantly antral gastritis
3) Reduced gastrin levels
4) Associated with duodenal ulcers
Although H. pylori infection can be associated with elevated gastrin levels, it typically presents with normal or elevated gastric acid production and predominantly antral gastritis, which increases the risk of duodenal ulcers.
A patient with hyperparathyroidism presents with peptic ulcer disease. What is the most likely underlying mechanism?
1) Direct action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on gastric mucosa
2) Indirect effects of PTH-induced hypercalcemia on gastric acid secretion
3) Secondary hypergastrinemia due to vitamin D deficiency
4) Autonomic neuropathy affecting gastric emptying
Hypercalcemia, which is commonly seen in hyperparathyroidism, can suppress gastric mucosal function and lead to peptic ulcer disease.
A patient with a known history of migraines presents with an episode of severe, unilateral, throbbing headache associated with nausea and photophobia. The headache is preceded by a visual aura. Which of the following is the best treatment option for this patient?
1) Sumatriptan
2) Ibuprofen
3) Metoclopramide
4) Acetaminophen
Sumatriptan is a serotonin (5-HT) receptor agonist that is specifically indicated for the treatment of migraines with or without aura.
In a patient with a GRF (Glomerular Filtration Rate) of 44 ml/min, which stage of chronic kidney disease would they likely be categorized in?
1) Stage 1: Kidney damaged with normal renal function
2) Stage 2: Kidney damaged with mild loss of renal function
3) Stage 3a: Mild to moderate loss of renal function
4) Stage 3b: Moderate to severe loss of renal function
The patient's GRF falls within the range of 44-30 ml/min, which corresponds to Stage 3b of chronic kidney disease, indicating a moderate to severe loss of renal function.