MDS PREP
A patient with a deficiency of which coagulation factor will have a prolonged PT and a normal aPTT?
1) Factor II
2) Factor V
3) Factor X
4) Factor XII
Factor II (prothrombin) deficiency leads to a prolonged PT (Prothrombin Time) because it is involved in the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade, which is assessed by the PT test. The aPTT (activated Partial Thromboplastin Time) is normal because the intrinsic pathway is not affected.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ground-glass hepatocytes seen in HBV infection?
1) Spheres and tubules of HBsAg in the cytoplasm
2) Finely granular cytoplasm
3) Nuclear atypia
4) Preservation of the cell outline
Ground-glass hepatocytes are a hallmark of HBV infection and are characterized by spheres and tubules of HBsAg in the cytoplasm, resulting in a finely granular appearance. However, these cells typically show no significant nuclear atypia.
Crohn's disease is characterized by which of the following features during a colonoscopy?
1) Cobblestone appearance of the mucosa
2) Strictures and skip lesions
3) Longitudinal ulcers and creeping fat
4) All of the above
Crohn's disease typically presents with a cobblestone appearance of the mucosa due to the alternating involvement of diseased and healthy mucosal segments, strictures and skip lesions due to transmural inflammation affecting all layers of the bowel wall, and creeping fat, which is mesenteric fat wrapping around the bowel surface.
Which of the following HLA types is most strongly associated with Celiac disease?
1) HLA-DQ2
2) HLA-DQ8
3) HLA-B8
4) HLA-DR3
The strongest genetic association with Celiac disease is with the HLA-DQ2 haplotype, which is found in the majority of patients with the condition.
What is the primary treatment for hypertension in the nephrotic syndrome?
1) Diuretics
2) Corticosteroids
3) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
4) Antihypertensive medications
ACE inhibitors are the primary treatment for hypertension in the nephrotic syndrome as they help reduce proteinuria, decrease intraglomerular pressure, and preserve renal function by blocking the angiotensin-aldosterone system.
A 50-year-old male with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus presents with sudden onset of severe, painful, and reddened skin on the dorsum of his foot. His blood glucose is 350 mg/dL. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
1) Cellulitis
2) Diabetic neuropathic ulcer
3) Pyoderma gangrenosum
4) Erythema multiforme
The sudden onset of pain, redness, and swelling of the skin, particularly in a patient with poorly controlled diabetes, suggests a bacterial infection such as cellulitis.
What is the most common congenital cause of hypoprothrombinemia?
1) Afibrinogenemia
2) Vitamin K deficiency
3) Hemophilia A
4) Hemophilia B
Although the question mentions that hypoprothrombinemia is associated with vitamin K deficiency, the most common congenital cause of hypoprothrombinemia is actually deficiency of factor II, which is vitamin K-dependent. Vitamin K deficiency can lead to impaired synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X in the liver.
What is the most common complication of chronic SLE?
1) Lupus nephritis
2) Rheumatoid arthritis
3) Lupus cardiomyopathy
4) Thrombocytopenia
Lupus nephritis is the most common complication of chronic SLE, affecting approximately 50% of patients. It is characterized by inflammation of the kidneys and can lead to kidney failure if not properly managed.