MDS PREP
Which of the following is NOT a type of E. coli associated with diarrheal disease?
1) Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
2) Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)
3) Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
4) Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)
ETEC, EIEC, and EAEC are all types of E. coli that can cause diarrheal disease through various mechanisms. EPEC is typically associated with gastrointestinal illness, particularly in children, but does not typically cause the severe forms of diarrhea seen with ETEC or EHEC.
What is the most common complication of chronic SLE?
1) Lupus nephritis
2) Rheumatoid arthritis
3) Lupus cardiomyopathy
4) Thrombocytopenia
Lupus nephritis is the most common complication of chronic SLE, affecting approximately 50% of patients. It is characterized by inflammation of the kidneys and can lead to kidney failure if not properly managed.
What is the primary pathogenic mechanism of Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)?
1) Invasion of gut epithelial cells
2) Production of heat-labile toxin (LT) and heat-stable toxin (ST)
3) Induction of lipid peroxidation
4) Production of Shiga-like toxins
ETEC are the principal cause of traveler’s diarrhe1) They produce both a heat-labile toxin (LT) and a heat-stable toxin (ST) that act on the intestinal mucos1) The LT is similar to cholera toxin and increases intracellular cGMP levels, leading to enhanced fluid and electrolyte secretion into the lumen and thus diarrhe1) The ST acts by a different mechanism but also enhances fluid and electrolyte secretion.
Crepitus will be seen in the tissues surrounding an infection by
1) Staphylococcus
2) Streptococcus
3) Clostridium tetani
4) C. perfringes
General Medicine
Answer: 4
Crepitus is a characteristic sign of gas gangrene, which is often caused by Clostridium perfringens. This bacterium produces gas in tissues, leading to a crackling sensation upon palpation.
What is the primary mechanism of action of the heat-stable toxin produced by ETEC?
1) Increases intracellular cAMP
2) Increases intracellular cGMP
3) Induces lipid peroxidation
4) Inhibits DNA synthesis
The heat-stable toxin (ST) of ETEC increases intracellular cGMP, leading to increased fluid and electrolyte secretion into the gut lumen, contributing to the diarrheal illness.
Heimlich manoeuver is carried out in
1) Syncope
2) Airway obstruction
3) Carotid blow out
4) Cardiac arrest
General Medicine
Answer: 2
Heimlich manoeuver is carried out in airway obstruction
The most important aspect in treating Disseminated intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is to
1) Administer heparin
2) Administer platelets
3) Treat the underlying disease process
4) Achieve normal levels of fibrinogen
General Medicine
Answer: 3
DIC is a serious condition characterized by the widespread activation of the coagulation cascade, leading to the formation of blood clots throughout the small blood vessels. This can result in organ dysfunction and bleeding. The most critical step in managing DIC is to identify and treat the underlying cause (such as infection, trauma, or malignancy) because addressing the root issue can help resolve the coagulation abnormalities.
A patient has a congenital deficiency of which of the following factors leading to bleeding diathesis?
1) Factor II
2) Factor V
3) Factor X
4) Factor XII
Parahemophilia is a congenital deficiency of factor V, which is less severe than Hemophilia A or B. It leads to a mild bleeding diathesis. Factor XII deficiency is associated with Hageman trait, which typically does not cause a significant bleeding tendency.