MDS PREP
The most common cause of hypercalcemia in malignancy is:
1) Osteoblastic metastasis
2) Osteolytic metastasis
3) Hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome
4) Ectopic parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) secretion
Hypercalcemia is a common metabolic complication in cancer patients, particularly those with solid tumors such as breast cancer, lung cancer, and multiple myeloma. The most common cause is the secretion of a parathyroid hormone-like protein called PTHrP by the tumor cells.
What is the most common symptom associated with H. pylori infection?
1) Abdominal pain
2) Nausea and vomiting
3) Diarrhea
4) Fatigue
While H. pylori infection can cause various symptoms, the most common is abdominal pain, often related to peptic ulcer disease.
What is the primary mechanism of injury in alcoholic liver disease?
1) Direct cytotoxicity of ethanol
2) Oxidative stress
3) Lipid peroxidation
4) Cytokine-mediated inflammation
Cytokine-mediated inflammation is a major mechanism in alcoholic liver disease. TNF is the primary cytokine involved, with other cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 also contributing to cell injury. These cytokines are produced in response to reactive oxygen species and other toxic metabolites of ethanol.
What is the principal function of ceruloplasmin in the body?
1) Transport of iron
2) Transport of copper
3) Inhibition of serum proteases
4) Osmotic regulation
Ceruloplasmin is a protein synthesized in the liver and is the major copper-transporting protein in the bloodstream. It is essential for the maintenance of iron homeostasis and the metabolism of iron and copper.
What is the primary function of transferrin in the body?
1) Transport of iron
2) Transport of copper
3) Binding and transport of thyroid hormones
4) Lipoprotein assembly
Transferrin is a glycoprotein synthesized by the liver that acts as the primary iron-transport protein in the blood. It binds to iron and transfers it to cells that require it, such as erythrocytes for hemoglobin synthesis.
A patient with hyperparathyroidism presents with peptic ulcer disease. What is the most likely underlying mechanism?
1) Direct action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on gastric mucosa
2) Indirect effects of PTH-induced hypercalcemia on gastric acid secretion
3) Secondary hypergastrinemia due to vitamin D deficiency
4) Autonomic neuropathy affecting gastric emptying
Hypercalcemia, which is commonly seen in hyperparathyroidism, can suppress gastric mucosal function and lead to peptic ulcer disease.
For study of sex chromatic body the most suitable cells for convenience
1) Blood
2) Buccal mucosa
3) Skin
4) Hair
General Medicine
Answer: 2
The sex chromatin body, also known as the Barr body, is an inactivated X chromosome found in female cells. To study the presence of Barr bodies, buccal mucosa cells are often used because they are easily accessible and can be collected non-invasively through a simple scraping of the inner cheek. Buccal epithelial cells are large and contain sufficient cytoplasm, making them suitable for microscopic examination. In contrast, blood cells (like lymphocytes) can also be used, but the collection process is more invasive and less convenient than obtaining buccal mucosa cells.
What is the typical serum albumin level seen in the nephrotic syndrome?
1) > 4 g/dL
2) 3.0-3.5 g/dL
3) < 3.0 g/dL
4) 2.0-2.5 g/dL
The nephrotic syndrome is characterized by hypoalbuminemia, with serum albumin levels typically less than 3 g/dL due to the loss of albumin in the urine.