MDS PREP
What is the earliest symptom of Parkinsonism?
1) Rigidity
2) Bradykinesia
3) Tremor
4) Postural instability
The earliest symptom of Parkinsonism is typically a resting tremor, which often begins in one hand, leg, or chin and progresses over time.
What is the major effector of cell injury in alcoholic hepatitis?
1) Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
2) Interferon gamma (IFN-?)
3) Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
4) Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
TNF is considered the main effector of injury in alcoholic hepatitis. It is produced by activated macrophages, particularly Kupffer cells, and plays a critical role in the initiation and perpetuation of inflammation and necrosis in the liver.
A patient with a history of alcohol abuse presents with jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, and thrombocytopenia. The most likely diagnosis is:
1) Alcoholic hepatitis
2) Cirrhosis
3) Pancreatitis
4) Hepatic encephalopathy
The combination of jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, and thrombocytopenia suggests that the patient has developed cirrhosis of the liver due to chronic alcohol abuse.
Commonest type of lung carcinoma in non-smokers
1) Squamous cell carcinoma
2) Adenocarcinoma
3) Alveolar cell carcinoma
4) Small cell carcinoma
General Medicine
Answer: 2
Adenocarcinoma is the most prevalent lung carcinoma type among non-smokers, often linked to genetic mutations and environmental factors rather than smoking.
The most common cause of hypercalcemia in malignancy is:
1) Osteoblastic metastasis
2) Osteolytic metastasis
3) Hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome
4) Ectopic parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) secretion
Hypercalcemia is a common metabolic complication in cancer patients, particularly those with solid tumors such as breast cancer, lung cancer, and multiple myeloma. The most common cause is the secretion of a parathyroid hormone-like protein called PTHrP by the tumor cells.
Which of the following drugs acts by enzyme inhibition?
1) salbutamol
2) acetazolamide
3) tolbutamide
4) chlorpromazine
General Medicine Answer: 2
Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that reduces aqueous humour production and is therefore indicated in glaucoma to reduce the intraocular pressure.
Salbutamol is a selective, short-acting beta2-agonist used as a bronchodilator in asthma. Tolbutamide is a short-acting sulphonylurea used in type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus.
Chlorpromazine is an aliphatic neuroleptic antipsychotic drug used in schizophrenia.
Cheyne-Strokes breathing may occur in
1) Severe heart failure
2) Normal persons during sleep at high altitude
3) Elder people
4) All
General Medicine
Answer: 4
Cheyne-Strokes breathing may occur in severe heart failure, normal persons during sleep at high altitude, and elder people
Renin is found in which of the following organs
1) Liver
2) Kidney
3) Adrenal gland
4) Thyroid gland
General Medicine
Answer: 2
Renin is an enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys in response to low blood pressure or low sodium concentration.