MDS PREP
Which of the following is NOT a function of fibrinogen?
1) Formation of a fibrin clot
2) Transport of fatty acids
3) Binding to platelet glycoprotein receptors
4) Maintenance of osmotic pressure
Fibrinogen is the precursor of fibrin, which is essential for clot formation. It does not have a role in the transport of fatty acids. Its main functions include stabilization of the platelet plug and serving as a substrate for thrombin to generate fibrin.
A 55-year-old male with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) presents with increasing shortness of breath and cough with greenish sputum. His chest X-ray shows consolidation in the right middle lobe. Which of the following is the most likely pathogen?
1) Streptococcus pneumoniae
2) Haemophilus influenzae
3) Mycoplasma pneumoniae
4) Legionella pneumophila
In a patient with COPD presenting with community-acquired pneumonia, the most common bacterial pathogen is Streptococcus pneumoniae. The consolidation on chest X-ray and the presence of purulent sputum are characteristic features of bacterial pneumonia.
Which of the following drugs acts by enzyme inhibition?
1) salbutamol
2) acetazolamide
3) tolbutamide
4) chlorpromazine
General Medicine Answer: 2
Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that reduces aqueous humour production and is therefore indicated in glaucoma to reduce the intraocular pressure.
Salbutamol is a selective, short-acting beta2-agonist used as a bronchodilator in asthma. Tolbutamide is a short-acting sulphonylurea used in type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus.
Chlorpromazine is an aliphatic neuroleptic antipsychotic drug used in schizophrenia.
Digoxin:
1) clearance is by the liver
2) increases conduction of the AV node
3) decreases the force of myocardial contraction
4) may cause atrial tachycardia in overdosage
General Medicine Answer: 4
Digoxin is a positive inotrope, hence it increases the force of myocardial contraction and may be effective in heart failure. It is a cardiac glycoside, which reduces the conductivity of the atrioventricular (AV) node and which may be used in atrial fibrillation.
Digoxin has a long half-life and is given once daily. It is cleared by the renal system and hence renal impairment requires the reduction of digoxin dose.
Arrhythmias, such as atrial tachycardia, may be a sign of digoxin toxicity.
Digoxin toxicity is enhanced if there are 67 electrolyte disturbances, especially hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia and hypercalcaemia.
Early manifestation of a patient infected with HIV virus is
1) Elevation of p16
2) Unexplained fear and weight loss
3) Kaposi"s sarcoma
4) Hairy cell leukoplakia
General Medicine
Answer: 2
Early manifestations of HIV infection can include unexplained weight loss and generalized fear or anxiety. Kaposi's sarcoma and hairy leukoplakia are more common in later stages of HIV infection.
A patient with a known history of migraines presents with an episode of severe, unilateral, throbbing headache associated with nausea and photophobia. The headache is preceded by a visual aura. Which of the following is the best treatment option for this patient?
1) Sumatriptan
2) Ibuprofen
3) Metoclopramide
4) Acetaminophen
Sumatriptan is a serotonin (5-HT) receptor agonist that is specifically indicated for the treatment of migraines with or without aura.
What is the primary role of ceruloplasmin?
1) Transport of copper
2) Anti-inflammatory activity
3) Lipid metabolism
4) Blood clotting
Ceruloplasmin is a protein synthesized in the liver that primarily functions to transport and regulate the levels of copper in the bloodstream. It is not directly involved in blood clotting or inflammation.
The following feature may raise the suspicion of TB
1) Persistent cough
2) Spontaneous pneumothorax
3) Haemoptysis
4) All
General Medicine
Answer: 4
The following features may raise the suspicion of TB: persistent cough, spontaneous pneumothorax, and haemoptysis