MDS PREP
The most common cause of hypercalcemia in malignancy is:
1) Osteoblastic metastasis
2) Osteolytic metastasis
3) Hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome
4) Ectopic parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) secretion
Hypercalcemia is a common metabolic complication in cancer patients, particularly those with solid tumors such as breast cancer, lung cancer, and multiple myeloma. The most common cause is the secretion of a parathyroid hormone-like protein called PTHrP by the tumor cells.
Most common symptom of pulmonary embolism
1) Chest pain
2) Dyspnoea
3) Haemoptysis
4) Cough
General Medicine
Answer: 2
The most common symptom of pulmonary embolism is dyspnoea
A 45-year-old male presents with sudden onset of severe abdominal pain, distension, and constipation. His abdomen is rigid and tender, with hypoactive bowel sounds. An abdominal X-ray shows dilated loops of bowel with air-fluid levels. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
1) Small bowel obstruction
2) Large bowel obstruction
3) Paralytic ileus
4) Mesenteric ischemia
The sudden onset of pain, abdominal distension, and constipation with the presence of dilated loops of bowel and air-fluid levels on X-ray are indicative of small bowel obstruction.
What is the primary target organ of toxicity in Wilson’s disease?
1) Liver
2) Pancreas
3) Brain
4) Kidneys
In the brain, Wilson’s disease primarily affects the basal ganglia, particularly the putamen, leading to the neurological symptoms mentioned earlier. While the liver and kidneys can also be involved, the central nervous system is the primary target organ for toxicity.
Which of the following is NOT a primary glomerular disease that can cause nephrotic syndrome?
1) Membranous nephropathy
2) Minimal change disease
3) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
4) Systemic lupus erythematosus
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a systemic disease with renal manifestations that can cause nephrotic syndrome, but it is not a primary glomerular disease. The primary glomerular diseases listed that can lead to nephrotic syndrome are membranous nephropathy, minimal-change disease, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
A patient with hyperparathyroidism presents with peptic ulcer disease. What is the most likely underlying mechanism?
1) Direct action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on gastric mucosa
2) Indirect effects of PTH-induced hypercalcemia on gastric acid secretion
3) Secondary hypergastrinemia due to vitamin D deficiency
4) Autonomic neuropathy affecting gastric emptying
Hypercalcemia, which is commonly seen in hyperparathyroidism, can suppress gastric mucosal function and lead to peptic ulcer disease.
In a patient with a pulmonary embolism, which of the following is the most sensitive diagnostic test?
1) Chest X-ray
2) D-dimer assay
3) Computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA)
4) Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan
CTPA is the most sensitive diagnostic test for pulmonary embolism, as it directly visualizes the emboli in the pulmonary arteries.
What is the diagnostic criterion for chronic kidney disease?
1) Presence of proteinuria for over 3 months
2) A decrease in GRF for over 3 months
3) Structural damage of the kidney with decreased function
4) Both A and B
Chronic kidney disease is typically diagnosed by the presence of persistent proteinuria or a decreased glomerular filtration rate for over 3 months, along with evidence of kidney damage.