MDS PREP
Following are the findings in sickle cell Anemia, except -
1) Fish vertebra
2) Enlarged heart
3) Splenomegaly usually seen
4) Leukocytosis
General Pathology
Answer: 3
Splenomegaly is not usually seen in sickle cell anemia; instead, autosplenectomy often occurs due to repeated splenic infarctions.
The histopathology of osteopetrosis shows
1. Endosteal bone formation and lack of normal bone resorption
2. Periosteal bone formation and lack of normal bone resorption
3. Presence of numerous osteoclasts and a few osteoblasts
4. None of the above
Oral Pathology
Answer: 1
The histopathology of osteopetrosis shows endosteal bone formation and lack of normal bone resorption.
Radiation dose to patient can be reduced by all of the following except
1. Speed films
2. Filters
3. By increasing target-object distance
4. Decreasing kilovoltage potential
Radiation dose can be reduced by using speed films, filters, and increasing target-object distance.
Sickle cell anemia is precipitated when:
1) Oxygen tension goes down
2) Increased viscosity of blood is there
3) There is dehydration
4) All of the above
Pathology Answer: 4
Sickle cell disease results from mutation, or change, of certain types of hemoglobin chains in red blood cells (the beta hemoglobin chains).
When the oxygen concentration in the blood is reduced, the red blood cell assumes the characteristic sickle shape. This causes the red blood cell to be stiff and rigid, and stops the smooth passage of the red blood cells through the narrow blood vessels.
The X-ray collimators commonly used in dentistry include the following except
1. Diaphragm collimator
2. Tubular collimator
3. Rectangular collimator
4. Square collimator
Oral Pathology
Answer: 4
Square collimators are not commonly used in dentistry.
The major stimulator of monocytes
1. IL-I
2. ã-interferon
3. IgE
4. lgG
Pathology Answer: 1
1. Interleukin-1 (IL-1): Interleukin-1 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that
plays a crucial role in the activation and regulation of the immune system. It
is produced mainly by macrophages and monocytes in response to various stimuli,
including bacterial endotoxins, viruses, and tissue damage. IL-1 is a major
stimulator of monocytes, as it promotes their proliferation, differentiation
into macrophages, and enhances their phagocytic and antigen-presenting
capabilities. It also induces the production of other cytokines, such as
TNF-alpha and IL-6, which further amplify the inflammatory response. Thus, it
acts as a critical mediator in the early stages of the immune response and is
involved in the initiation of the acute phase reaction.
2. α-Interferon: Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines that play an
essential role in the innate immune response to viral infections. They are
mainly produced by cells in response to viral infection and can induce an
antiviral state in nearby cells by upregulating the expression of proteins that
inhibit viral replication. While α-interferon does not directly stimulate
monocytes, it does have some effects on the immune system, such as enhancing the
natural killer (NK) cell activity and modulating the function of macrophages and
other immune cells. However, it is not the primary stimulator of monocytes like
IL-1 is.
3. Immunoglobulin E (IgE): IgE is a class of antibodies that are involved in the
allergic response and the immune response to parasites. It is produced in
response to allergens and parasitic antigens. While IgE is important in the
activation of mast cells and basophils, which play a key role in the immediate
allergic response, it does not serve as a major stimulator of monocytes.
Monocytes are more closely associated with the innate immune response and are
not primarily activated by antibodies.
4. Immunoglobulin G (IgG): IgG is the most abundant and versatile class of
antibodies in the blood. It plays a pivotal role in the immune response by
binding to pathogens and facilitating their destruction through various
mechanisms, such as opsonization (enhancing phagocytosis), activation of the
complement system, and neutralization of toxins. IgG can interact with
macrophages via Fcγ receptors, which can lead to phagocytosis of
antigen-antibody complexes. However, IgG is not a direct stimulator of monocytes
in the same sense that IL-1 is. Monocytes are primarily activated by cytokines
and other signaling molecules released during inflammation and infection, rather
than by antibodies.
All of the following statements about thrush are true EXCEPT
1. It is caused by a gram-negative fungus
2. It is characterized by a plaque of proliferating epithelial and other cells
3. It is a complication of immunosuppression or systemic disease
4. It can affect neonates in an epidemic fashion
Oral Pathology
Answer: 1
Explanation:
It is caused by a gram-negative fungus: This statement
is not true. Thrush is caused by Candida albicans,
which is a yeast (fungus) but not a gram-negative organism. In fact, fungi
are not classified as gram-positive or gram-negative in the same way that
bacteria are. Candida is a eukaryotic organism and does not fit
into the gram classification system.
It is characterized by a plaque of proliferating epithelial and
other cells: This statement is true. Thrush
presents as white patches or plaques in the oral cavity, which consist of
fungal elements, dead epithelial cells, and inflammatory cells.
It is a complication of immunosuppression or systemic disease:
This statement is true. Thrush is commonly seen in
individuals who are immunocompromised, such as those with HIV/AIDS, cancer
patients undergoing chemotherapy, or individuals on long-term corticosteroid
therapy.
It can affect neonates in an epidemic fashion: This
statement is true. Thrush can indeed affect neonates,
particularly those born to mothers with vaginal candidiasis, and outbreaks
can occur in neonatal intensive care units.
Bite cells are seen in -
1) G6PD deficiency
2) SCA
3) Hereditary spherocytosis
4) Trauma
General Pathology
Answer: 1
Bite cells are characteristic of G6PD deficiency, resulting from oxidative damage to red blood cells.