MDS PREP
What is the primary mechanism of action of H. pylori in the development of chronic antral gastritis?
1) Induction of antibodies against gastric mucosal cells
2) Direct cytotoxicity to gastric mucosal cells
3) Stimulation of gastrin secretion leading to increased gastric acid production
4) Induction of chronic inflammation and gland atrophy
The primary mechanism of action of H. pylori in chronic antral gastritis is the induction of chronic inflammation and gland atrophy.
Open ended lead-lined cones reduce
1. Intensity of scattered radiation
2. Intensity of primary radiation
3. Level of scattered radiation
4. All of the above
Oral Pathology
Answer: 3
Open-ended lead-lined cones reduce the intensity of scattered radiation.
All of the following statements about idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura are true except
1. It is associated with platelet-specific autoantibodies
2. It causes a prolonged bleeding time
3. It is often controllable by immunosuppressive treatment
4. It causes more prolonged haemorrhage than haemophilia
Oral Pathology Answer: 4
It is associated with platelet-specific autoantibodies:
This statement is true. ITP is characterized by the
presence of autoantibodies that specifically target and destroy platelets,
leading to thrombocytopenia (low platelet count).
It causes a prolonged bleeding time: This statement is true.
In ITP, the low platelet count results in a prolonged bleeding time, as
there are fewer platelets available to form a clot.
It is often controllable by immunosuppressive treatment:
This statement is true. ITP can often be managed with
immunosuppressive therapies, such as corticosteroids, intravenous
immunoglobulin (IVIG), or other immunosuppressive agents, to help increase
platelet counts.
It causes more prolonged hemorrhage than hemophilia:
This statement is not true. While both ITP and hemophilia
can lead to bleeding, the mechanisms are different. Hemophilia is a clotting
factor deficiency, which can lead to more severe and prolonged bleeding
episodes, especially after trauma or surgery. In contrast, ITP primarily
affects the number of platelets rather than the clotting factors. Therefore,
the bleeding in hemophilia can be more severe and prolonged compared to that
in ITP.
Reticulocytosis is seen in -
1) Hemolytic anemia
2) Megaloblastic anemia
3) Aplastic anemia
4) Iron deficiency
General Pathology
Answer: 1
Reticulocytosis is commonly seen in hemolytic anemia, where there is increased production of red blood cells in response to anemia.
Letterer-Siwe disease is a disturbance of
1. Protein metabolism
2. Lipid metabolism
3. Mucopolysaccharide metabolism
4. Carbohydrate metabolism
Oral Pathology
Answer: 2
Letterer-Siwe disease is a disturbance of lipid metabolism.
enlarged hypersegmented neutrophils are typically seen in
1. leukopenia
2. Leukocytosis
3. Megaloblastic anemia
4.Acute myeloid leukemia
Pathology Answer: 3
Enlarged hypersegmented neutrophils are typically seen in Megaloblastic
anemia (option 3). Here is a detailed explanation:
1. Leukopenia: Leukopenia is a condition where there is a decrease in the total
number of white blood cells (WBCs) in the bloodstream. It does not directly
refer to the morphological changes in the neutrophils. The presence of enlarged
or hypersegmented neutrophils is not a hallmark feature of leukopenia; rather,
the condition is characterized by a low WBC count.
2. Leukocytosis: Leukocytosis is the medical term for an increase in the number
of white blood cells in the bloodstream. It can occur due to various conditions
like infections, inflammation, or leukemia. However, hypersegmentation of
neutrophils is not a typical finding in leukocytosis. The presence of enlarged
neutrophils is also not characteristic of this condition.
3. Megaloblastic anemia: Megaloblastic anemia is a type of anemia that occurs
due to the lack of vitamin B12 or folic acid. These vitamins are essential for
the maturation of red blood cells in the bone marrow. In the case of vitamin B12
or folic acid deficiency, the red blood cells become large and immature, leading
to their inability to function properly. Additionally, neutrophils, which are a
type of white blood cell, can also become enlarged and hypersegmented in
megaloblastic anemia. The enlarged neutrophils are called "megaloblastic
neutrophils" or "hypersegmented neutrophils." The hypersegmentation occurs due
to the defect in DNA synthesis that results from the vitamin deficiency, causing
the nucleus of the neutrophil to segment more than the normal 2-5 lobes.
4. Acute myeloid leukemia: While acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized
by an overproduction of immature myeloid cells, including neutrophils, enlarged
hypersegmented neutrophils are not a typical feature of this condition. In AML,
the bone marrow is filled with abnormal, immature cells called blasts, which do
not mature properly and function as normal blood cells. However, AML can present
with a variety of morphological changes in neutrophils, such as Auer rods, but
hypersegmentation is not specific to AML.
Enlarged hypersegmented neutrophils are most commonly associated with
Megaloblastic anemia, which is caused by vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency
and leads to abnormal cell maturation in the bone marrow, affecting both red and
white blood cells.
Which is a must for prothrombin time?
1) Thromboplastin
2) Prothrombin
3) Fibrinogen
4) Fibrin
General Pathology Answer: 1Thromboplastin is essential for prothrombin time, as it is a tissue factor that initiates the coagulation cascade.
Hypopigmentation, gray streaks of hair, degranulation defect of neutrophils and neuropathy are seen in
1. Aleukaemic leukaemia
2. Chronic granulocytic leukaemia
3. Lazy leukocyte syndrome
4. Chediak-Higashi syndrome
Oral Pathology
Answer: 4
Hypopigmentation, gray streaks of hair, degranulation defect of neutrophils, and neuropathy are seen in Chediak-Higashi syndrome.