MDS PREP
In which condition do we see increased subcutaneous fat and a high-pitched voice as part of the clinical presentation?
1) Constitutional delay of growth
2) Familial short stature
3) Hypopituitarism
4) Growth hormone resistance
In growth hormone deficiency, which is part of hypopituitarism, patients may exhibit increased subcutaneous fat and a high-pitched voice due to the lack of growth hormone affecting muscle and bone development as well as adipose tissue distribution.
What is the primary target of alcohol toxicity in the liver?
1) Hepatocyte membranes
2) Hepatic stellate cells
3) Kupffer cells
4) Mitochondria
The primary target of alcohol toxicity in the liver is the mitochondri1) Alcohol is metabolized in the liver, generating acetaldehyde and reactive oxygen species, which can disrupt mitochondrial function and lead to cell damage and necrosis.
What is the primary function of alpha-fetoprotein in the body?
1) Osmotic regulation and binding of various substances
2) Inhibition of serum proteases
3) Transport of copper
4) Transport of iron
Alpha-fetoprotein is produced primarily by the yolk sac and fetal liver during pregnancy. Its main function is osmotic regulation and it acts as a binding and carrier protein for various substances, including drugs and metals.
For study of sex chromatic body the most suitable cells for convenience
1) Blood
2) Buccal mucosa
3) Skin
4) Hair
General Medicine
Answer: 2
The sex chromatin body, also known as the Barr body, is an inactivated X chromosome found in female cells. To study the presence of Barr bodies, buccal mucosa cells are often used because they are easily accessible and can be collected non-invasively through a simple scraping of the inner cheek. Buccal epithelial cells are large and contain sufficient cytoplasm, making them suitable for microscopic examination. In contrast, blood cells (like lymphocytes) can also be used, but the collection process is more invasive and less convenient than obtaining buccal mucosa cells.
In a patient with hyperparathyroidism, which of the following is NOT a feature of osteoporosis?
1) Decreased bone density
2) Increased bone turnover
3) Increased risk of fractures
4) Decreased bone resorption
Hyperparathyroidism typically leads to increased bone resorption due to the actions of PTH, which can result in osteoporosis characterized by decreased bone density and increased risk of fractures despite increased bone turnover.
What is the typical frequency of phlebotomy in the initial phase of treatment for hemochromatosis?
1) Once a week
2) Once every two weeks
3) Once a month
4) Once every three months
In the initial phase of treatment for hemochromatosis, phlebotomy is usually performed once a week to rapidly reduce iron stores. Once transferrin saturation and serum ferritin levels become normal, the frequency is typically reduced to every three months for maintenance.
What is the primary genetic defect in Wilson's disease?
1) Mutation in the ATP7A gene
2) Mutation in the ATP7B gene
3) Mutation in the ceruloplasmin gene
4) Mutation in the hepcidin gene
Wilson's disease is caused by a mutation in the ATP7B gene on chromosome 13, which leads to defective copper excretion and accumulation in the liver and other organs.
In hyperparathyroidism, which of the following is a distinctive bone manifestation?
1) Osteomalacia
2) Osteopetrosis
3) Osteitis fibrosa cystica
4) Paget's disease
Osteitis fibrosa cystica is a characteristic bone change seen in hyperparathyroidism. It results from excessive osteoclastic activity and is characterized by the replacement of normal bone marrow with fibrous tissue and cyst-like spaces.