MDS PREP
A young boy, Hori Lal, developed respiratory distress. On examination, the chest X-ray showed hyperinflation of one lung. Which of the following is the most possible diagnosis
1) Congenital lobar emphysema
2) Foreign body aspiration
3) Bronchiectasis
4) Atelectasis
General Medicine
Answer: 2
The most possible diagnosis is foreign body aspiration
What is the primary mechanism of action of antihistamines in the management of anaphylaxis?
1) Blocking the release of mediators from mast cells
2) Directly counteracting the effects of histamine on H1 receptors
3) Acting on beta-2 adrenergic receptors to dilate bronchioles
4) Inhibiting the production of leukotrienes and prostaglandins
Antihistamines, particularly H1 blockers, are used to counteract the vasodilatory and bronchoconstrictive effects of histamine in anaphylaxis.
In a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which of the following is NOT a common physical examination finding?
1) Barrel chest
2) Wheezing
3) Cyanosis
4) Increased anteroposterior diameter
While wheezing can occur in patients with COPD, it is not a common physical examination finding.
Which of the following is NOT a component of the nephrotic syndrome?
1) Massive proteinuria
2) Hypoalbuminemia
3) Lipiduria
4) Neutrophiluria
The nephrotic syndrome includes massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, generalized edema, and hyperlipidemia with lipiduria. Neutrophiluria, the presence of neutrophils in the urine, is not a typical feature of the nephrotic syndrome and is more associated with conditions like acute glomerulonephritis or pyelonephritis.
A patient presents with prolonged bleeding following a surgery. His family history reveals that his mother is a carrier of a rare bleeding disorder, but his father does not have it. Which of the following conditions is the patient most likely to have?
1) Hemophilia A
2) Hemophilia B
3) Christmas disease
4) Hageman trait
Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive disorder, caused by a deficiency of factor VIII. Since the patient's mother is a carrier, she must have one defective X chromosome and one normal X chromosome. The patient, being a male, has a 50% chance of inheriting the disorder from his mother, which is the most likely scenario given the family history and the X-linked inheritance pattern. Hemophilia B is also X-linked but would be mentioned as Christmas disease if it were the correct answer. Hageman trait is an autosomal recessive disorder related to factor XII, which is less common than Hemophilia A and B.
When prescribing for a patient of renal failure, the elimination of drug from the kidney in the case of renal impairment all the following are correct except
1) Creatinine clearance is taken as guide
2) The normal main dose is given if the drug is being metabolized
3) The time to reach to steady state plasma concentration is the same as in patients with normal renal function
4) None of the above
General Medicine
Answer: 3
In renal impairment, the time to reach steady-state plasma concentration generally differs from that in patients with normal renal function due to altered clearance; hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
What is the primary role of ceruloplasmin?
1) Transport of copper
2) Anti-inflammatory activity
3) Lipid metabolism
4) Blood clotting
Ceruloplasmin is a protein synthesized in the liver that primarily functions to transport and regulate the levels of copper in the bloodstream. It is not directly involved in blood clotting or inflammation.
What is the role of angiotensinogen in blood pressure regulation?
1) It is a precursor to angiotensin II, which is a potent vasoconstrictor and stimulant of aldosterone release.
2) It is a precursor to angiotensin I, which has no direct role in blood pressure regulation.
3) It acts as a co-factor in the production of bradykinin, a vasodilator.
4) It is a potent inhibitor of the renin-angiotensin system.
Angiotensinogen is converted to angiotensin II by the action of renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor and stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, leading to sodium and water retention and an increase in blood pressure.