MDS PREP
Examples of oncofoetal antigen is/are:
1. á -fetoprotein
2. Carcinoembryonic antigen
3. A and B
4. None of the above
Pathology Answer: 3
Oncofoetal antigens are substances that are normally present in the
developing fetus but are found in abnormally high quantities in the tissues of
certain cancer cells. These antigens are proteins that can be used as markers
for the detection of certain types of cancers. The presence of these antigens in
cancer cells suggests that the tumor cells have partially reverted to a more
primitive, embryonic stage of development.
Explanation for each option:
1. á-Fetoprotein (AFP): This is an oncofoetal antigen. It is a glycoprotein that
is produced by the liver cells of the developing fetus. In adults, the
production of AFP is usually very low. However, in cases of certain cancers such
as hepatocellular carcinoma (primary liver cancer) and some types of testicular
cancer, the tumor cells start producing AFP in large amounts. Therefore, high
levels of AFP in the blood can be indicative of these cancers.
2. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): CEA is another example of an oncofoetal
antigen. It is a glycoprotein that is present in the gastrointestinal tract,
pancreas, and sometimes in the respiratory and reproductive systems of a
developing fetus. In adults, CEA levels are typically very low. However, in
certain types of cancers, such as colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, and some
forms of lung, pancreatic, and breast cancer, the tumor cells may start
producing large amounts of CEA, which can be detected in the blood and used as a
tumor marker for these malignancies.
3. A and B: Both α-fetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen are examples of
oncofoetal antigens, so this option is correct.
Bismuth intoxication is manifested as
1. Pigmentation in areas of inflammation
2. Burtonian line
3. Gingiva
4. Blackish line in mucosa
Oral Pathology
Answer: 1
Bismuth intoxication is manifested as pigmentation in areas of inflammation.
What are common signs of Cushing's syndrome?
1) Hyperkalemia and extreme fatigue
2) Central obesity and a buffalo hump
3) Decreased blood glucose levels
4) Testicular atrophy
Common signs of Cushing's syndrome include central obesity and a buffalo hump, resulting from excess cortisol production.
What is the primary mechanism of tissue damage in a tuberculin reaction?
1) Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
2) Local anaphylaxis
3) Direct cytotoxic effects of CD8+ T cells
4) Activation of macrophages by CD4+ memory T cells
The primary mechanism of tissue damage in a tuberculin reaction is the activation of macrophages by CD4+ memory T cells.
The deficiency of which of the following vitamins does not affect tooth development
1. Vit A
2. Vit D
3. Vit C
4. Vit K
Oral Pathology
Answer: 4
Vitamin K deficiency does not affect tooth development.
Sloughing of necrotic epithelium is characteristic of
1. Aspirin burn
2. Denture sore mouth
3. Traumatic ulcer
4. Contact dermatitis
Oral Pathology
Answer: 1
Sloughing of necrotic epithelium is characteristic of an aspirin burn.
What is the most likely diagnosis in an 8-month-old child with mental retardation, blindness, and muscle weakness, with a deficiency of hexosaminidase ?-subunit?
1) Tay-Sachs disease
2) Krabbe disease
3) Sandhoff disease
4) Gaucher disease
General Pathology
Answer: 1
Tay-Sachs disease is characterized by a deficiency of hexosaminidase A, leading to neurodegeneration, mental retardation, and blindness in affected infants.
All are true regarding Sarcoidosis except -
1. Dry cough
2. Exertional Dyspnoea
3. Wheezing
4. Hemoptysis
Pathology Answer: 4
Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology that can
affect any organ in the body. It is characterized by the formation of non-caseating
granulomas, which are clumps of inflammatory cells that cluster together in
response to an unidentified antigen. The lungs and lymph nodes are most commonly
involved. Here's a detailed explanation for each of the options:
1. Dry cough: This is a common symptom of pulmonary sarcoidosis. The cough is
usually persistent and non-productive, meaning it does not bring up mucus or
phlegm. The presence of a dry cough is not contradicted in the statement "All
are true regarding Sarcoidosis except," so this option is not the correct
answer.
2. Exertional dyspnoea: Shortness of breath on exertion can occur in individuals
with pulmonary sarcoidosis due to the inflammation and granuloma formation in
the lungs. This symptom can be a result of the impaired lung function and
decreased lung capacity caused by the disease. Therefore, this is also a true
statement regarding sarcoidosis.
3. Wheezing: Wheezing is a high-pitched whistling sound that occurs during
breathing, typically heard when airways become narrowed or blocked. It can be a
symptom of pulmonary sarcoidosis, particularly if the disease involves the
bronchi and bronchioles, leading to bronchial obstruction and airflow
limitation. However, it is not the primary symptom and may be less common than
the other respiratory symptoms mentioned.
4. Hemoptysis: While hemoptysis, or coughing up blood, is not a hallmark symptom
of sarcoidosis, it can occur in some cases, particularly when the granulomas are
located in the lungs. It is usually mild and self-limited, but severe cases can
lead to significant bleeding. This is a true statement regarding sarcoidosis, as
it is a possible, although less common, respiratory symptom of the disease.
Since all the options (1, 2, and 4) are true regarding Sarcoidosis