MDS PREP
The peripheral blood smear of a patient shows features of thalassemia, also presented with anemia. Family history is also +ve. The investigation was done to establish the diagnosis is -
1) ESR estimation
2) Blood spherocyte estimation
3) Bone marrow aspiration
4) Hb-electrophoresis
General Pathology
Answer: 4
Hb-electrophoresis is the investigation done to establish the diagnosis of thalassemia, as it separates different hemoglobin types based on their charge.
Which of the following intraoral sites is taken as confirmation biospy for amyloidosis
1. Tongue
2. Gingiva
3. Palate
4. Buccal mucosa
The gingiva is taken as the confirmation biopsy site for amyloidosis.
Examples of oncofoetal antigen is/are:
1. á -fetoprotein
2. Carcinoembryonic antigen
3. A and B
4. None of the above
Pathology Answer: 3
Oncofoetal antigens are substances that are normally present in the
developing fetus but are found in abnormally high quantities in the tissues of
certain cancer cells. These antigens are proteins that can be used as markers
for the detection of certain types of cancers. The presence of these antigens in
cancer cells suggests that the tumor cells have partially reverted to a more
primitive, embryonic stage of development.
Explanation for each option:
1. á-Fetoprotein (AFP): This is an oncofoetal antigen. It is a glycoprotein that
is produced by the liver cells of the developing fetus. In adults, the
production of AFP is usually very low. However, in cases of certain cancers such
as hepatocellular carcinoma (primary liver cancer) and some types of testicular
cancer, the tumor cells start producing AFP in large amounts. Therefore, high
levels of AFP in the blood can be indicative of these cancers.
2. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): CEA is another example of an oncofoetal
antigen. It is a glycoprotein that is present in the gastrointestinal tract,
pancreas, and sometimes in the respiratory and reproductive systems of a
developing fetus. In adults, CEA levels are typically very low. However, in
certain types of cancers, such as colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, and some
forms of lung, pancreatic, and breast cancer, the tumor cells may start
producing large amounts of CEA, which can be detected in the blood and used as a
tumor marker for these malignancies.
3. A and B: Both α-fetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen are examples of
oncofoetal antigens, so this option is correct.
Which of the following diseases of the skin is the most likely to exhibit fluid blisters on the skin and/or oral mucosa?
1) Pemphigus
2) Lichen planus
3) Keratosis follicularis
4) Erythema multiforme
Oral Pathology
Answer: 1
Pemphigus is an autoimmune blistering disease characterized by the formation of bullae (fluid-filled blisters) on the skin and mucous membranes, including the oral mucosa. This condition occurs when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the proteins that bind the layers of the skin together, leading to separation and blistering. The blisters are usually large and painful, and they can rupture easily, leaving raw, exposed areas of skin or mucous membrane.
Lichen planus, keratosis follicularis, and erythema multiforme are other skin conditions but do not typically present with fluid blisters as the main feature.
Which of the following is the MOST likely explanation for when two days after removal of a cancerous neck lesion, there is thigh and calf cramps, tingling around the lips, low serum calcium, and high serum phosphate?
1) Hyperparathyroidism
2) Primary hypoparathyroidism
3) Pseudohypoparathyroidism
4) Renal failure
General Pathology Answer: 2
The symptoms described, including low serum calcium and high serum phosphate, are indicative of primary hypoparathyroidism, which can occur after the removal of parathyroid glands.
Oral manifestation of infectious mononucleosis is most commonly
1. Bluish red spots opposite maxillary molar
2. Pseudomembrane on gingival
3. Pinpoint petechiae on the palate
4. Gingival hyperplasia
Oral Pathology
Answer: 3
Pinpoint petechiae on the palate is the most common oral manifestation of infectious mononucleosis.
Hairy tongue is characterised by hypertrophy of which of the following papillae
1. Foliate
2. Filiform
3. Fungiform
4. Circumvallate
Oral Pathology
Answer: 2
Hairy tongue is characterized by the hypertrophy of filiform papillae on the tongue, leading to a dark, hairy appearance.
Which of the following complement component can be activated in both common as well as alternate pathways?
1) C1
2) C2
3) C3
4) C4
General Pathology Answer: 3C3 is the complement component that can be activated in both the classical and alternative pathways of the complement system.