MDS PREP
In which of the following conditions is nephrotic syndrome characterized by the presence of fibrin in the glomerulus?
1) Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
2) Minimal-change disease
3) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
4) Membranous nephropathy
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis is characterized by the deposition of immune complexes in the glomerular basement membrane and mesangium, leading to proliferation of mesangial cells and the formation of a dense, double-contour appearance. This can result in the deposition of fibrin in the glomerulus.
What is the most common cause of secondary hypoadrenalism?
1) Pituitary tumor
2) Adrenal tumor
3) Pituitary apoplexy
4) Sheehan's syndrome
Secondary hypoadrenalism occurs due to decreased stimulation of the adrenal glands by the pituitary gland, most commonly as a result of a pituitary tumor, such as a prolactinoma or nonfunctioning adenoma, which compresses the pituitary gland and impairs its ability to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
Which of the following HLA types is most strongly associated with Celiac disease?
1) HLA-DQ2
2) HLA-DQ8
3) HLA-B8
4) HLA-DR3
The strongest genetic association with Celiac disease is with the HLA-DQ2 haplotype, which is found in the majority of patients with the condition.
What is the primary function of alpha-fetoprotein in the body?
1) Osmotic regulation and binding of various substances
2) Inhibition of serum proteases
3) Transport of copper
4) Transport of iron
Alpha-fetoprotein is produced primarily by the yolk sac and fetal liver during pregnancy. Its main function is osmotic regulation and it acts as a binding and carrier protein for various substances, including drugs and metals.
Which of the following is NOT a function of fibrinogen in the coagulation cascade?
1) Precursor to fibrin
2) Coagulation factor stabilizer
3) Blood clot formation
4) Blood clot dissolution
Fibrinogen is essential for blood clot formation as it is converted into fibrin by thrombin. However, its role is not in dissolving blood clots; that is primarily the function of plasminogen, which is converted to plasmin.
Which of the following is a congenital deficiency associated with a hemorrhagic diathesis?
1) Hageman trait
2) Parahemophilia
3) Hypoprothrombinemia due to liver disease
4) Hemophilia A
Hemophilia A is a congenital defect due to various abnormalities of the gene on the X chromosome that codes for factor VIII, leading to a hemorrhagic diathesis. Hageman trait is also congenital but does not directly cause a bleeding disorder.
Which of the following is NOT a function of albumin?
1) Osmotic regulation
2) Transport of thyroid hormones
3) Binding and transport of fatty acids
4) Carrier protein for bilirubin
Albumin is mainly involved in osmotic regulation and serves as a carrier protein for various substances, including bilirubin and fatty acids. However, it is not a primary carrier for thyroid hormones, which are mainly transported by thyroxine-binding globulin.
Pulmonary surfactant is
1) Lecithin
2) Dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline
3) Dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl serine
4) Sphingosine
General Medicine
Answer: 1
Pulmonary surfactant is lecithin