Study Notes

Gastric acid secretion inhibitors (antisecretory drugs):  HCl is secreted by parietal cells of the gastric mucosa which contain receptors for acetylcholine (muscarinic receptors: MR), histamine (H2R), prostaglandins (PGR) and gastrin (GR) that stimulate the production, except PGs which inhibit gastric acid production.   Therefore, antagonists of acetylcholine, histamine and gastrin inhibit gastric acid secretion (antisecretory). On the other hand, inh…

Factors regulating blood calcium level (i) Vitamin D (a) Vitamin D and absorption of calcium: Active form of calcium is calcitriol. Calcitriol enters intestinal wall and binds to cytoplasmic receptor and then binds with DNA causes depression and consequent transcription of gene code for calbindin. Due to increased availability of calbindin, absorption of calcium increases leading to increased blood calcium level. (b) Vitamin D and Bone: Vitamin D activates o…

Veau Classification of Clefts The classification of clefts, particularly of the lip and palate, is essential for understanding the severity and implications of these congenital conditions. Veau proposed one of the most widely used classification systems for clefts of the lip and palate, which helps guide treatment and management strategies. Classification of Clefts of the Lip Veau classified clefts of the lip into four distinct classes: C…

Agranulocytosis. Severe neutropenia with symptoms of infective lesions. Drugs. are an important cause and the effect may be due to . -Direct toxic effect. -Hypersensitivity. Some of the 'high risk drugs are. -Amidopyrine. -Antithyroid drugs. -Chlorpromazine, mapazine. -Antimetabolites and other drugs causing pancytopenia. Bloodpicture:  Neutropenia with toxic granules in neutrophils. Marrow shows decrease in granulocyte precursors with toxic …

Cardiac tamponade A. Caused by accumulation of fluid in the pericardium. This severe condition can quickly impair ventricular filling and rapidly lead to  decreased cardiac output and death. 1. Signs and symptoms include: a. Hypotension. b. Jugular venous distention. c. Distant heart sounds.…