General Pathology

Megaloblastic anaemia Metabolism: B12(cyanocobalamin) is a coenzyme in DNA synthesis and for maintenance of nervous system. Daily requirement 2 micro grams. Absorption in terminal ileum in the presence gastric intrinsic factor. It is stored in liver mainly- Folic acid (Pteroylglutamic acid) is needed for DNA synthesis.. Daily requirement 100 micro grams. Absorption in duodenum  and jejunum Causes of deficiency .- - Nutritional deficiency- - Malabso…

Nephrosclerosis  Disease of the renal arteries.  Clinical manifestations:  (1) Benign (arterial) nephrosclerosis →  Caused by the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the renal artery. Results in narrowing of the arterioles. (2) Malignant nephrosclerosis → Caused by malignant hypertension. Common signs of malignant hypertension include severe hypertension, retinal hemorrhages, and hypertrophy of the left ventricle. Results in…

Cor pulmonale a failure of the right side of the heart. It is caused by prolonged high blood pressure in the right ventricle of the heart, which in turn is most often caused by pulmonary hypertension - prolonged high blood pressure in the arteries or veins of the lungs. People with heart disease, or lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis, are at greater risk. Pathophysiology There are several mechanisms leading to pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale: Pul…

Hematological examination This is a method by which abnormalities of the cells of the blood and their precursors in the bone marrow are investigated to diagnose the different kinds of anemia & leukemia.…

Immunodeficiency This may be :-  - Congenital (Primary) - Acquired (Secondary) Features : Complete or near complete lack of T & B lymphoid tissue. Fatal early in life Even with marrow grafting, chances of graft versus host reaction is high. T Cell Defects : - Thymic dysplasia - Digeorge’s syndrome - Nazelof’s syndrome - Ataxia teltngiectaisa - Wiscott Aldrich’s syndrome These  lessons show predominantly defectiv…