Endodontics

Condensing osteitis is a diffuse radiopaque lesion believed to represent a localized bony reaction to a low-grade inflammatory stimulus, usually seen at the apex of a tooth in which there has been a long-standing pulpal pathosis. Causes Condensing osteitis is a mild irritation from pulpal disease that stimulates osteoblastic activity in the alveolar bone. Symptoms This disorder is usually asymptomatic. It is discovered during routine radiogra…

Weine Classification The Weine classification divides root canal systems into three main categories: The pulp canal system is complex, and it may branch, divide, and rejoin. Weine categorized the root canal systems in any root into four basic types. Others, using cleared teeth in which the root canal systems had been stained with hematoxylin dye, found a much more complex canal system. They identified eight pulp space configurations, that can be briefly …

The Ca(OH)2, has been used by endodontists throughout the world since Hermann introduced it to dentistry in 1920. It is a highly alkaline substance with a pH of approximately 12.5. Calcium hydroxide has antibacterial properties and has the ability to induce repair and stimulate hard-tissue formation. The bactericidal effects is conferred by its highly alkaline pH. The release of hydroxyl ions in an aqueous environment is related to the antimicrobial proper…