Anaesthesia

Morphine: MC cause of death → Respiratory depression ↑ ICP ❌ No muscle relaxation Opioids act on dorsal horn of spinal cord Diazepam for post-op delirium…

Spinal Anesthesia A. Anatomy Spinal anesthesia targets the spinal cord, which arises from the foramen magnum and extends to the conus medullaris, typically ending around the third lumbar vertebrae (L3) in adults. The spinal column is protected by three layers: the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. The subarachnoid space, where the spinal anesthetic is administered, contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), spinal nerves, and the arachnoid and pia…

Agent Key Point Cocaine First LA, sympathomimetic, antimuscarinic Lignocaine Safe in surface/infiltration, 7 mg/kg with adrenaline Bupivacaine Longest acting, no methemoglobinemia Prilocaine Causes methemoglobinemia Chloroprocaine Shortest duration EMLA Xylocaine + Prilocaine Cocaine Causes vasoconstriction…

Pain: sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage 1. Components: sensory (objective characteristics of pain e.g., location, duration, intensity; thermal, mechanical, or chemical) and motivational/affective (associated with past experience, fear, suffering, anxiety, culture) 2. Anatomy and physiology: nociceptors specialized to convey noxious stimuli (mechanical, chemical, thermal)  a. Hyperalgesia: …

 Contraindicated in: Jaundice, Pheochromocytoma, Obstetric cases.  Not contraindicated in: Previous Hepatitis A.  Associated complications: Malignant Hyperthermia Hepatotoxicity ↑ Intracranial Tension Predisposes to Arrhythmias  Stored: Amber bottles, colorless liquid.  Preservative: Thymol  Poor analgesic. Beta-blocker–like myocardial effects. Rapid, smooth induction. Dissolves in rubber.…