Anaesthesia

Benzodiazepines: Produce anterograde amnesia Act on α-subunit of GABA-A receptors Muscle relaxation with Midazolam Flumazenil: Specific antagonist Lorazepam: Difficult reversal…

Stages of General Anesthesia Stage Name Key Features I Analgesia / Disorientation Begins with administration of anesthetic. Patient remains conscious but feels reduced pain. Ends with loss of consciousness. II Excitement / Delirium Loss of consciousness with irregular breathing, involuntary movements, and possible vocalization. Reflexes may be hypera…

Spinal Anesthesia A. Anatomy Spinal anesthesia targets the spinal cord, which arises from the foramen magnum and extends to the conus medullaris, typically ending around the third lumbar vertebrae (L3) in adults. The spinal column is protected by three layers: the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. The subarachnoid space, where the spinal anesthetic is administered, contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), spinal nerves, and the arachnoid and pia…

Parameter Modality Brain temperature Tympanic membrane Hypothermia definition Core temp < 35°C MI during surgery Transesophageal echocardiography BP monitoring Cuff deflation @ 3 – 5 mmHg/sec O₂ saturation Pulse oximetry CVP monitoring Right internal jugular vein Exhaled CO₂ Capnography Gas pressure Torr or mmHg Arterial CO₂…