Periodontology

Disorder Marker/Feature Hyperkalemia Tall P wave on ECG Leukemia Pseudo-hyperkalemia Hypokalemia Can occur with B12 therapy Calcium Gluconate Stabilizes myocardium; doesn't lower K⁺ 🧂 Sodium Imbalance SIADH: Hyponatremia, convulsions Osmotic demyelination syndrome → too rapid correction Pseudohyponatremia: Seen in hyperlipidemia ⚖️ Acid-Base Disorders …

Gingival Anatomy Attached Gingiva Width: Greatest in maxillary incisors (3.5 – 4.5mm) and mandibular incisors (3.3 – 3.9mm) Least Width: Maxillary 1st premolars (1.9mm) and mandibular premolars (1.8mm) Biological Width: Connective tissue attachment (1.07mm) + Epithelial attachment (0.97mm) = ~2mm Oral Epithelium: 0.2 – 0.3mm thick, can be keratinized/parakeratinized Junctional Epithelium (JE) Attached to enamel by hemi…

ANUG Staging: Stage 1 – 2: NUG/NUP Stage 3 – 4: NUP Stage 5 – 6: Necrotizing stomatitis Stage 7: Noma Bone Defects: 3-wall: Intrabony 2-wall: Crater 1-wall: Hemiseptum Radiographic Signs: Fuzziness in lamina dura is earliest sign. TFO (Trauma from Occlusion): Widened PDL, thickened lamina dura. Most Susceptible Area: Furcation.…

Gingival Crevicular Fluid is a serum-like exudate that flows from the gingival sulcus into the oral cavity. It serves as a crucial diagnostic medium and plays a vital role in the host defense mechanism against periodontal pathogens. Immunological Characteristics Predominant Immunoglobulin: IgG (contrasts with saliva where IgA predominates) T:B Lymphocyte Ratio: 1:3 (higher B cell concentration indicates active antibody production) Inflammatory N…

Iodine Effects High dose, short period → Inhibits T4 synthesis (Wolff-Chaikoff effect) Low dose, long period → Increases T4 synthesis (Jod-Basedow effect) Drugs Inhibiting T4→T3 Conversion Propranolol, Dexamethasone, Propylthiouracil, High-dose iodine, Radiographic contrast Hypothyroidism Best test: Raised TSH (primary hypothyroidism) Causes: Amyloidosis, Sarcoidosis, Hemochromatosis, Scleroderma, Cystinosis Drugs: Ami…