General Surgery

TMJ Ankylosis Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) ankylosis is a condition characterized by the abnormal fusion of the mandibular condyle to the temporal bone, leading to restricted jaw movement. This condition can significantly impact a patient's ability to open their mouth and perform normal functions such as eating and speaking. Causes and Mechanisms of TMJ Ankylosis Condylar Injuries: Most cases of TMJ ankylosis result from condylar inj…

Cardiovascular Effects of Sevoflurane, Halothane, and Isoflurane Sevoflurane: Maintains cardiac index and heart rate effectively. Exhibits less hypotensive and negative inotropic effects compared to halothane. Cardiac output is greater than that observed with halothane. Recovery from sevoflurane anesthesia is smooth and comparable to isoflurane, with a shorter time to standing than halothane. Halothane:…

An ulcer is a break in the continuity of the skin or the mucous membrane. Mode of onset:  Traumatic ulcers heal when the traumatic agent is removed., If it persists it becomes chronic as in the case of dental ulcer of the tongue. Ulcers may develop spontaneously as in the case of gumma (syphilitic ulcer). It may develop with varicose veins called varicose ulcer, which develops in the lower third of the leg. Sometimes a malignant ulcer develops in a scar c…

Zygomatic Bone Reduction When performing a reduction of the zygomatic bone, particularly in the context of maxillary arch fractures, several key checkpoints are used to assess the success of the procedure. Here’s a detailed overview of the important checkpoints for both zygomatic bone and zygomatic arch reduction. Zygomatic Bone Reduction Alignment at the Sphenozygomatic Suture: While this is considered the best checkpoint for assessing the …

Ludwig's Angina Ludwig's angina is a serious, potentially life-threatening cellulitis or connective tissue infection of the submandibular space. It typically arises from infections of the teeth, particularly the second or third molars, and can lead to airway obstruction due to swelling. This condition is named after the German physician Wilhelm Friedrich von Ludwig, who first described it in the 19th century. Etiology Common Causes: …