General Medicine

Anatomy and Histology of the Periodontium Gingiva (normal clinical appearance): no muscles, no glands; keratinized Color: coral pink but does vary with individuals and races due to cutaneous pigmentation Papillary contour: pyramidal shape with one F and one L papilla and the col filling interproximal space to the contact area (col the starting place gingivitis) Marginal contour: knife-edged and scalloped Texture: stippled (orange-peel texture); blow a…

Classification and Function Collagenases MMP-8 (Neutrophil Collagenase): Most abundant in GCF MMP-1 (Interstitial Collagenase): Targets type I collagen Gelatinases MMP-2 (Gelatinase A): 72 kDa enzyme MMP-9 (Gelatinase B): 92 kDa enzyme, neutrophil-derived Bone Destruction Most Potent Destroyer: Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) Mechanism: Stimulates osteoclast activity and inhibits osteoblast function Clinical Relevance: Target for an…

Chlorhexidine: Minimum: 0.12%; Optimum: 0.2%. Chip degrades in 7 – 10 days. Floss & Brushes: Preferred floss: Unwaxed thin. Floss length: 12 – 18 inches. Toothbrush: 2 – 4 rows, 5 – 12 tufts per row. Soft bristle diameter: 0.2 mm. Powered Brushes: Invented in 1939; use oscillating/rotating motion. Fones Technique: Circular brushing method. Antiplaque Agents: Bisbiguanides: 2nd generatio…

Hyperparathyroidism Laboratory Pattern Condition Serum Ca Serum PO₄ Alk Phos PTH Primary hyperparathyroidism ↑ ↓ ↑ ↑ Secondary (CRF) ↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ Secondary (malnutrition) ↓ ↓ ↑ ↑ Hypercalcemia Causes Malignancy Breast cancer, Squamous cell lung cancer, Renal cell carcinoma, Multiple myeloma…

Feature Insight vWD inheritance Autosomal dominant Bleeding time ↑ in vWD Differentiates from Hemophilia A Factor VIII <1% Spontaneous bleeding in Hemophilia A…