Physiology

A rise in blood pressure stretches the atria of the heart. This triggers the release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). ANP is a peptide of 28 amino acids. ANP lowers blood pressure by: relaxing arterioles inhibiting the secretion of renin and aldosterone inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium ions in the collecting ducts of the kidneys. The effects on the kidney reduce the reabsorption of water by them thus increasing the flow of urine and the amoun…

Cystic Fibrosis → Thick mucus coagulates in ducts, produces obstruction, Too thick for cilia to move   → Major Systems Affected: Respiratory System, G. I. Tract,Reproductive Tract → Inherited, autosomal recessive gene, most common fatal genetic disorder →    Major characteristic, Altered electrolyte composition (Saliva & sweat Na+, K+, Cl-) →    Family history of Cystic Fibrosis →&nbsp…

  Basic Properties of Gases A.    Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures 1.    partial pressure - the "part" of the total air pressure caused by one component of a gas             Gas            Percent            Partial Pressure (P)     ALL AIR   &nbsp…

Carbon Dioxide Transport Carbon dioxide (CO2) combines with water forming carbonic acid, which dissociates into a hydrogen ion (H+) and a bicarbonate ions: CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3− 95% of the CO2 generated in the tissues is carried in the red blood cells: It probably enters (and leaves) the cell by diffusing through transmembrane channels in the plasma membrane. (One of the proteins that forms the channel is the D antigen that is…

The cell membrane is called the sarcolemma. This membrane is structured to receive and conduct stimuli. The sarcoplasm of the cell is filled with contractile myofibrils and this results in the nuclei and other organelles being relegated to the edge of the cell. Myofibrils are contractile units within the cell which consist of a regular array of protein myofilaments. Each myofilament runs longitudinally with respect to the muscle fiber. There are two types: the th…