Study Notes

Antiarrhythmic Drugs Cardiac Arrhythmias  Can originate in any part of the conduction system or from atrial or ventricular muscle. Result from – Disturbances in electrical impulse formation (automaticity)  – Conduction (conductivity)  – Both MECHANISMS OF ARRHYTHMIA ARRHYTHMIA – absence of rhythm DYSRRHYTHMIA – abnormal rhythm ARRHYTHMIAS result from: 1. Disturbance in Impulse Formation 2. Disturbance in…

GENERAL ANESTHETICS General anesthesia often involves more than one drug to get different, favourable effects. Premedication is often used to: 1. Treat anxiety - Benzodiazapenes 2. Reduce pain - Opiod anaglesics such as morphine 3. Produce muscle paralysis -E.g. Tubocurare 4. Reduce secretions Induction of anesthesia is often done via intravenous anesthetics, which are quick and easy to administer. Maintenance of anesthesia involves inhalation agents. P…

INNERVATION OF THE DENTIN-PULP COMPLEX Dentine Pulp Dentin Nerve Fibre Bundle Nerve fibres The nerve bundles entering the tooth pulp consist principally of sensory afferent fibers from the trigeminal nerve and sympathetic branches from the superior cervical ganglion. There are non-myelinated (C fibers) and myelinated (less than non, A-delta, A-beta) fibers. Some nerve endings terminate on or in association with the odontoblasts and others in the pre…

Proteins: about 50 - 60% of the dry mass of a typical cell subunit is the amino acid & amino acids are linked by peptide bonds 2 functional categories = structural (proteins part of the structure of a cell like those in the cell membrane) & enzymes Enzymes are catalysts. Enzymes bind temporarily to one or more of the reactants of the reaction they catalyze. In doing so, they lower the amount of activation energy needed and thus speed up the re…

Exchange of gases takes place in Lungs A person with an average ventilation rate of 7.5 L/min will breathe in and out 10,800 liters of gas each day From this gas the person will take in about 420 liters of oxygen (19 moles/day) and will give out about 340 liters of carbon dioxide (15 moles/day) The ratio of CO2 expired/O2 inspired is called the respiratory quotient (RQ) RQ = CO2 out/O2 in = 340/420 = 0.81 In cellular respiration of glucose CO2 out…