Study Notes

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) It is a neurotransmitter, widely distributed in the CNS, beginning in the midbrain and projecting into thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, and spinal cord. CNS serotonin is usually an inhibitory neurotransmitter and is associated with mood, the sleep-wake cycle. Serotonin is thought to produce sleep by inhibiting CNS activity.  In the blood, 5-HT is present in high concentration in platelets (regulator of pl…

Bullous and Vesicular Disease 1. There are many diseases characterized by the presence of vesicles and bullae filled  fluid. 2. In pemphigus vulgaris, large, flaccid bullae filled with fluid occur on the skin and within the oral mucosa.  - immunologic disease with IgG antibodies against the intercellular attachment sites between keratinocytes (type II hypersensitivity).  - the vesicle in pemphigus vulgaris has a suprabasal location (just above the…

Appendicular Skeleton Upper extremity •    Shoulder-clavicle and scapula Clavicle     Articulates with the manubrium at the sternal end     Articulates with the scapula at the lateral end     Slender S-shaped bone that extends horizontally across the upper part of the thorax      Scapula     Triangular bone with the base upward and the apex downward  &nb…

Erythromycin used for people who have an allergy to penicillins. For respiratory tract infections, it has better coverage of atypical organisms, including  mycoplasma. It is also used to treat outbreaks of chlamydia, syphilis, and gonorrhea. Erythromycin is produced from a strain of the actinomyces Saccaropolyspora erythraea, formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus.…

Str. Pneumoniae Probably the most important streptococci.  Primary cause of pneumonia.  Usually are diplococci.  Ste. pneumoniae are α-hemolytic and nutritionally fastidious.  Often are normal flora. Key virulence factor is the capsule polysaccharide which prevents phagocytosis.  Other virulence factors include pneumococcal surface protein and α-hemolysin. Major disease is pneumonia, usually following a viral respiratory…