Study Notes

METALLURGICAL TERMS a. Cold Working. This is the process of changing the shape of a metal by rolling, pounding, bending, or twisting at normal room temperature. b. Strain Hardening. This occurs when a metal becomes stiffer and harder because of continued or repeated application of a load or force. At this point, no further slippage of the atoms of the metal can occur without fracture. c. Heat Softening Treatment (Annealing). This treatment is necessary in …

Factors regulating blood calcium level (i) Vitamin D (a) Vitamin D and absorption of calcium: Active form of calcium is calcitriol. Calcitriol enters intestinal wall and binds to cytoplasmic receptor and then binds with DNA causes depression and consequent transcription of gene code for calbindin. Due to increased availability of calbindin, absorption of calcium increases leading to increased blood calcium level. (b) Vitamin D and Bone: Vitamin D activates o…

Factors Considered for Prescribing Fluoride Tablets Child's Age: Different age groups require different dosages. Children older than 4 years may receive lozenges or chewable tablets, while those younger than 4 are typically prescribed liquid fluoride drops. Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water: The fluoride level in the child's drinking water is crucial. If the fluoride concentration is less than 1 part per million (ppm), systemic f…

Cardiac Control: The Cardiac Center in the medulla. Outputs: The cardioacceleratory center sends impulses through the sympathetic nervous system in the cardiac nerves. These fibers innervate the SA node and AV node and the ventricular myocardium. Effects on the SA and AV nodes are an increase in depolarization rate by reducing the resting membrane polarization. Effect on the myocardium is to increase contractility thus increasing force and therefore volume of …

Osteoradionecrosis Clinical features A reduction in vascularity, secondary to endarteritis obliterans, and damage to osteocytes as a consequence of ionising Radiotherapy can result in radiation-associated osteomyelitis or Osteoradionecrosis. The mandible is much more  commonly affected than the maxilla, because it is less vascular. Pain may be severe and there may be pyrexia. The overlying oral mucosa often appears pale because of radiation damage. Ost…