Study Notes

Cryptococcosis An infection acquired by inhalation of soil contaminated with the encapsulated yeast Cryptococcus neoformans, which may cause a self-limited pulmonary infection or disseminate, especially to the meninges, but sometimes to the skin, bones, viscera, or other sites. Cryptococcosis is a defining opportunistic infection for AIDS, although patients with Hodgkin's or other lymphomas or sarcoidosis or those receiving long-term corticosteroid therapy…

Acute leukaemia Lympheblastic is commoner in children and myeloblastic in adults . Features: - Anaemia. - Fever and infections especially oral and respiratory. - Haemorrhagic tendencies. - Bone pains and tenderness (sternal). - Lymphnode enlargement especially in lymphocytic. - Gum hypertrophy especially in monocytic. Blood picture: - Anaemia and thrombocytopenia. - Leucocyte count usually 20,-50,000/cu.mm. It may be less in subleukaemic leukaemia (…

Nephritic syndrome Characterized by inflammatory rupture of the glomerular capillaries, leaking blood into the urinary space. Classic presentation: poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. It occurs after a group A, β–hemolytic Streptococcus infection (e.g., strep throat.) Caused by autoantibodies forming immune complexes in the glomerulus. Clinical manifestations:  oliguria, hematuria, hypertension, edema, and azotemia (increased co…

Effects and Toxic Actions on Organ Systems 1. Local anesthetics (dose dependent) interfere with transmission in any excitable tissue (e.g. CNS and CVS). 2. CNS effects  a. Central neurons very sensitive.  b. Excitatory-dizziness, visual and auditory disturbances, apprehension, disorientation and muscle twitching more common with ester type agents.  c. Depression manifested as slurred speech, drowsiness and unconsciousness more common w…

  Maxillary (upper) teeth Primary teeth Central incisor Lateral incisor Canine First molar Second molar Initial calcification 14 wk 16 wk 17 wk 15.5 wk 19 wk Crown completed 1.5 mo…