Study Notes

Crown stage Hard tissues, including enamel and dentin, develop during the next stage of tooth development. This stage is called the crown, or maturation, stage by some researchers. Important cellular changes occur at this time. In prior stages, all of the inner enamel epithelium cells were dividing to increase the overall size of the tooth bud, but rapid dividing, called mitosis, stops during the crown stage at the location where the cusps of the teeth form. The …

Dental/Oral/Upper Respiratory Tract Procedures: Antibiotic Prophylaxis Guidelines Antibiotic prophylaxis is crucial for patients at risk of infective endocarditis or other infections during dental, oral, or upper respiratory tract procedures. The following guidelines outline the standard and alternate regimens for antibiotic prophylaxis based on the patient's allergy status and ability to take oral medications. I. Standard Regimen in Patients at Risk…

Dentinogenesis Dentin formation, known as dentinogenesis, is the first identifiable feature in the crown stage of tooth development. The formation of dentin must always occur before the formation of enamel. The different stages of dentin formation result in different types of dentin: mantle dentin, primary dentin, secondary dentin, and tertiary dentin. Odontoblasts, the dentin-forming cells, differentiate from cells of the dental papilla. They begin secreting …

The Pharynx The pharynx is the continuation of the digestive system from the oral cavity. It is a funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube that is the common route for both food and air. The pharynx is located posterior to the nasal and oral cavities, and the larynx. For the convenience of description, the pharynx is divided into three parts: (1) the nasopharynx, posterior to the nose and superior to the soft palate; (2) the oropharynx, posterior to the mo…