Study Notes

Drugs used to induce vomiting In case of poisoning with noncorrosive agents, and assuming incomplete absorption of the poison has taken place, induction of vomiting can be carried out. One of the drugs used for this purpose is emetine which causes irritation of the upper gut and, on absorption, it also acts on  CTZ.   Chemotherapeutic agents (or their metabolites) can directly activate the medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone or vomiting center; seve…

Achrondroplasia  is a major cause of dwarfism. The underlying etiology is a point mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor, which causes inhibition of chondrocyte proliferation, which is associated with suppression of the normal epiphyseal growth plate expansion. Thus, long bone growth is markedly shortened. The most conspicuous changes include disproportionate shortening of the proximal extremities, bowing of the legs, and a lordotic posture.  …

MANDIBULAR LATERAL INCISORS The mandibular incisor is a little wider mesiodistal than the mandibular central incisor, and the crown is slightly longer from the incisal edge to the cervical line. Facial Surface:-The facial surface is less symmetrical than the facial surface of the mandibular central incisor. The incisal edge slopes upward toward the mesioincisal angle, which is slightly less than 90°. The distoincisal angle is rounded. The mesial border is…

  b Oxidation Pathway Fatty Acid Synthesis pathway location mitochondrial matrix cytosol acyl carriers (thiols) Coenzyme-A phosphopantetheine (ACP) & cysteine electron acceptors/donor FAD & NAD+ NADPH hydroxyl intermediate L D …

Thalassaemia. Genetic based defect in synthesis of one of the normal chains. Beta thalassaemia --->  reduced Hb A and increased HbF (α2, Y2) HBA2(α2) Alpha thalassaemia  --->   reduced  Hb-A, Hb-A2 and Hb-F-with formation of Hb-H(β4) and Hb Barts (Y4). Thalassaemia may manifest as trait or disease or with intermediate manifestation. Features: •    Microcytic hypochromic RBC is in iron deficjen…