Study Notes

The Protein Buffer Systems The protein buffers are very important in the plasma and the intracellular fluids but their concentration is very low in cerebrospinal fluid, lymph and interstitial fluids. The proteins exist as anions serving as conjugate bases (Pr − ) at the blood pH 7.4 and form conjugate acids (HPr) accepting H+ .  They have the capacity to buffer some H2CO3  in the blood.…

Zone 1 – Normal Dentin: Healthy tissue; no treatment needed Zone 2 – Subtransparent Dentin: Acid-demineralized, no bacteria, remineralizable; preserve Zone 3 – Transparent Dentin: Softened, no bacterial invasion; remineralizable; preserve Zone 4 – Turbid Dentin: Bacterial invasion; not remineralizable; must be removed Zone 5 – Infected Dentin: Fully decomposed; heavily infected; mu…

PHARMACOLOGY OF VASOCONSTRICTORS All local anesthetics currently used in dentistry today produce some degree of vasodilatation. This characteristic results in the increased vascularity of the injected site and results in a shorter duration of local anesthetic action due enhanced uptake of the local anesthetic into the bloodstream. - Using a “chemical tourniquet” to prolong the effect of local anesthetics - The vasoconstrictive action of ep…

Cushing's Syndrome Earliest feature: Loss of diurnal variation of cortisol High-dose dexamethasone suppression test: Differentiates pituitary adenoma vs ectopic ACTH Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison's Disease) Most common cause in India: Tuberculosis Most common primary tumor metastasizing to adrenals: Melanoma Most confirmatory test: ACTH stimulation test Diagnostic: Low plasma cortisol (<3 mg/dL) at 8 AM + elevated ACTH (>20…

Dental BursDental burs are essential tools used in restorative dentistry for cutting, shaping, and finishing tooth structure. The design and characteristics of burs significantly influence their cutting efficiency, vibration, and overall performance. Below is a detailed overview of the key features and considerations related to dental burs. 1. Structure of BursA. Blades and Flutes Blades: The cutting edges on a bur are uniformly spaced, and the num…