-> This bone forms much of the base and posterior aspect of the skull.
-> It has a large opening called the foramen magnum, through which the cranial cavity communicates with the vertebral canal.
-> It is also where the spinal cord becomes continuous with the medulla (oblongata) of the brain stem.
-> The occipital bone is saucer-shaped and can be divided into four parts: a squamous part (squama), a basilar part (basioccipital part), and two lateral parts (condylar parts).
-> These four parts develop separately around the foramen magnum and unite at about the age of 6 years to form one bone.
-> On the inferior surfaces of the lateral parts of the occipital bone are occipital condyles, where the skull articulates with C1 vertebra (the atlas) at the atlanto-occipital joints.
-> The internal aspect of the squamous part of the occipital bone is divided into four fossae: the superior two for the occipital poles of the cerebral hemispheres, and the inferior two, called cerebellar fossae, for the cerebellar hemispheres.

Stylohyoid Muscle

• Origin: Posterior border of the styloid process of the temporal bone.
• Insertion: Body of the hyoid bone at the junction with the greater horn.
• Nerve Supply: Facial nerve (CN VII).
• Arterial Supply: Muscular branches of the facial artery and muscular branches of the occipital artery.
• Action: Elevates the hyoid bone and base of the tongue.

Appendicular Skeleton
Upper extremity
•    Shoulder-clavicle and scapula

Clavicle
    Articulates with the manubrium at the sternal end
    Articulates with the scapula at the lateral end
    Slender S-shaped bone that extends horizontally across the upper part of the thorax
    
Scapula

    Triangular bone with the base upward and the apex downward
    Lateral aspect contains the glenoid cavity that articulates with the head of the humerus
    Spine extends across the upper part of the posterior surface; expands laterally and
    forms the acromion (forms point of shoulder) 
    Coracoid process projects anteriorly from the upper part of the neck of the scapula
    
Arm (humerus)

Consists of a shaft (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphyses)
Proximal end has a head that articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula
Greater and lesser tubercles lie below the head

Intertubercular groove is located between them; long tendon of the biceps attaches here
Surgical neck is located below the tubercles

    o    Radial groove runs obliquely on the posterior surface; radial nerve is located here

    o    Deltoid muscles attaches in a V-shaped area in the middle of the shaft. called the deltoid tuberosity
    
Distal end has two projections. the medial and lateral epicondyles
Capitulum-articulates with the radius
Trochlea-articulates with the ulqa

Forearm

Radius
Lateral bone of the forearm
Radial tuberosity is located below the head on the medial side
Distal end is broad for articulation with the wrist: has a styloid process on its lateral side

Ulna

    Medial side of the forearm
    Conspicuous part of the elbow joint (olecranon)
    Curved surface that articulates with the trochlea of the humerus is the trochlearnotch
    Lateral ide is concave (radial notch); articulates with the head of the radius Distal end contains the styloid process 
    Distal end contains the styloid process

Hand

Carpal bones (8)
    Aranged in two rows of four
    Scaphoid. lunate. triquetral. and pisiform  proximal row); trapezium. trapezoid.
    capitate. and hamate (distal row)
    
Metacarpal bones (5)
    Framework of the hand
    Numbered 1 to 5 beginning on the lateral side
    
Phalanges (14)
    Fingers
     Three phalanges in each finger; two phalanges in the thumb

Histology

Histology is the study of tissues.

A tissue is a group of cells with similar structure and function plus the extracellular substances located between the cells.

There are four basic types of tissues:

- Epitheliums

- Connective tissue

- Muscle tissue

- Nervous tissue

Internal Ear

• Osseous labyrinth: a complex system of cavities in the substance of the petrous bone.
• Membranous labyrinth: filled with endolymph, bathed in perilymph.

Eye 

At week 4, two depressions are evident on each of the forebrain hemispheres.  As the anterior neural fold closes, the optic pits elongate to form the optic vesicles.  The optic vesicles remain connected to the forebrain by optic stalks. 
The invagination of the optic vesicles forms a bilayered optic cup.  The bilayered cup becomes the dual layered retina (neural and pigmented layer)
Surface ectoderm forms the lens placode, which invaginates with the optic cup.
The optic stalk is deficient ventrally to contain choroids fissure to allow blood vessels into the eye (hyaloid artery).  The artery feeds the growing lens, but will its distal portion will eventually degenerate such that the adult lens receives no hyaloid vasculature.
At the 7th week, the choroids fissure closes and walls fuse as the retinal nerve get bigger.
The anterior rim of the optic vesicles forms the retina and iris.  The iris is an outgrowth of the distal edge of the retina.
Optic vesicles induces/maintains the development of the lens vesicle, which forms the definitive lens.  Following separation of the lens vesicle from the surface ectoderm, the cornea develops in the anterior 1/5th of the eye.
The lens and retina are surrounded by mesenchyme which forms a tough connective tissue, the sclera, that is continuous with the dura mater around the optic nerve.  
Iridopupillary membrane forms to separate the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye.  The membrane breaks down to allow for the pupil
Mesenchyme surrounding the forming eye forms musculature (ciliary muscles and pupillary muscles – from somitomeres 1 and 2; innervated by CN III), supportive connective tissue elements and vasculature.

Eyelids

Formed by an outgrowth of ectoderm that is fused at its midline in the 2nd trimester, but later reopen.