NEET MDS Lessons
Anatomy
Veins of the Face
The Supratrochlear Vein
- This vessel begins on the forehead from a network of veins connected to the frontal tributaries of the superficial temporal vein.
- It descends near the medial plane with its fellow on the other side.
- These veins diverge near the orbits, each joining a supraorbital vein to form the facial vein near the medial canthus (angle of the eye).
The Supraorbital Vein
- This vessel begins near the zygomatic process of the temporal bone.
- It joins the tributaries of the superficial and middle temporal veins.
- It passes medially and joins the supratrochlear vein to form the facial vein near the medial canthus.
The Facial Vein
- This vein provides the major venous drainage of the face.
- It begins at the medial canthus of the eye by the union of the supraorbital and supratrochlear veins.
- It runs inferoposteriorly through the face, posterior to the facial artery, but takes a more superficial and straighter course than the artery.
- Inferior to the margin of the mandible, the facial vein is joined by the anterior branch of the retromandibular vein.
- The facial veins ends by draining into the internal jugular vein.
The Superficial Temporal Vein
- This vein drains the forehead and scalp and receives tributaries from the veins of the temple and face.
- In the region of the temporomandibular joint, this vein enters the parotid gland.
The Retromandibular Vein
- The union of the superficial temporal and maxillary veins forms this vessel, posterior to the neck of the mandible.
- It descends within the parotid gland, superficial to the external carotid artery but deep to the facial nerve.
- It divides into an anterior branch that unites with the facial vein, and a posterior branch that joins the posterior auricular vein to form the external jugular vein.
The Lateral Pterygoid Muscle
- This is a short, thick muscle that has two heads or origin.
- It is a conical muscle with its apex pointing posteriorly.
- Origin: superior head—infratemporal surface and infratemporal crest of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, inferior head—lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate.
- Insertion: neck of mandible, articular disc, and capsule of temporomandibular joint.
- Innervation: mandibular nerve via lateral pterygoid nerve from anterior trunk, which enters it deep surface.
- Acting together, these muscles protrude the mandible and depress the chin.
- Acting alone and alternately, they produce side-to-side movements of the mandible.
A. Anatomic position-erect body position with the arms at the sides and the palms upward
B. Plane or section
1. Definition-imaginary flat surface formed by an extension through an axis
2. Median plane-a vertical plane. that divides a body into right and left halves
3. Sagittal plane
- Any plane parallel to the median plane
- Divides the body into right and left portions
4. Frontal plane
- Vertical plane that forms at right angles to the sagittal plane
- Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections
- Synonymous with the term coronal plane
5. Transverse plane
- Horizontal plane that forms at right angles to the sagittal and frontal planes
- Divides the body into upper and lower portions
- Synonymous with the term horizontal plane
C. Relative positions
1. Anterior
- Nearest the abdominal surface and the front of the body
- Synonymous with the term ventral
- In referring to hands and forearms, the terms palmar and Volar are used
2. Posterior
- Back of the body
- Synonymous with the term dorsal
3. Superior
- Upper or higher
- Synonymous with the term cranial (head)
4. Inferior
- Below or lower
- Synonymous with the term caudal (tail)
- In referring to the top of the foot and the sole of the foot. the terms dorsal and plantar are used respectively
5. Medial-near to the median plane
6. Lateral-farther away from the median plane
7. Proximal-near the source or attachment
8. Distal-away from the source or. attachment
9. Superficial-near the surface
10. Deep-away from the surface
11. Afferent-conducting toward a structure
12. Efferent-conducting away from a structure
-> This bone forms much of the base and posterior aspect of the skull.
-> It has a large opening called the foramen magnum, through which the cranial cavity communicates with the vertebral canal.
-> It is also where the spinal cord becomes continuous with the medulla (oblongata) of the brain stem.
-> The occipital bone is saucer-shaped and can be divided into four parts: a squamous part (squama), a basilar part (basioccipital part), and two lateral parts (condylar parts).
-> These four parts develop separately around the foramen magnum and unite at about the age of 6 years to form one bone.
-> On the inferior surfaces of the lateral parts of the occipital bone are occipital condyles, where the skull articulates with C1 vertebra (the atlas) at the atlanto-occipital joints.
-> The internal aspect of the squamous part of the occipital bone is divided into four fossae: the superior two for the occipital poles of the cerebral hemispheres, and the inferior two, called cerebellar fossae, for the cerebellar hemispheres.
Nerves of the Palate
- The sensory nerves of the palate, which are branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion, are the greater and lesser palatine nerves.
- They accompany the arteries through the greater and lesser palatine foramina, respectively.
- The greater palatine nerve supplies the gingivae, mucous membrane, and glands of the hard palate.
- The lesser palatine nerve supplies the soft palate.
- Another branch of the pterygopalatine ganglion, the nasopalatine nerve, emerges from the incisive foramen and supplies the mucous membrane of the anterior part of the hard palate.
Vessels of the Palate
- The palate has a rich blood supply from branches of the maxillary artery.
Intramembranous ossification
- Flat bones develop in this way (bones of the skull)
- This type of bone development takes place in mesenchymal tissue
- Mesenchymal cells condense to form a primary ossification centre (blastema)
- Some of the condensed mesenchymal cells change to osteoprogenitor cells
- Osteoprogenitor cells change into osteoblasts which start to deposit bone
- As the osteoblasts deposit bone some of them become trapped in lacunae in the bone and then change into osteocytes
- Osteoblasts lie on the surface of the newly formed bone
- As more and more bone is deposited more and more osteocytes are formed from mesenchymal cells
- The bone that is formed is called a spicule
- This process takes place in many places simultaneously
- The spicules fuse to form trabeculae
- Blood vessels grow into the spaces between the trabeculae
- Mesenchymal cells in the spaces give rise to hemopoetic tissue
- This type of bone development forms the first phase in endochondral development
- It is also responsible for the growth of short bones and the thickening of long bones
- Bones begin to form during the eighth week of embryomic life in the fibrous membranes (intramembranous ossification) and hyaline cartilage (endochondral ossification)