NEET MDS Lessons
Anatomy
The Orbital Vessels
- The orbital contents are supplied chiefly by the ophthalmic artery.
- The infraorbital artery, the continuation of the maxillary, also contributes blood to this region.
- Venous drainage is through the superior orbital fissure to enter the cavernous sinus.
The Ophthalmic Artery
- This artery arises from the internal carotid artery as it emerges from the cavernous sinus.
- It passes through the optic foramen within the dural sheath of the optic nerve and runs anteriorly, close to the superomedial wall of the orbit.
The Central Artery of the Retina
- This is the one of the smallest but most important branches of the ophthalmic artery.
- It arises inferior to the optic nerve until it approaches the eyeball.
- It then pierces the optic nerve and runs within it to emerge through the optic disc.
- The central artery of the retina spreads over the internal surface of the retina and supplies it.
The Ophthalmic Veins
The Superior Ophthalmic Vein
- The superior ophthalmic vein anastomoses with the facial vein.
- It has no valves and blood can flow in either direction.
- It crosses superior to the optic nerve, passes through the superior orbital fissure and ends in the cavernous sinus.
The Inferior Ophthalmic Vein
- This begins as a plexus on the floor of the orbit.
- It communicates with the inferior orbital fissure with the pterygoid plexus, crosses inferior to the optic nerve, and ends in either the superior ophthalmic vein or the cavernous sinus.
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First pouch |
Auditory tube, which comes in contact with epithelial line of first pharyngeal cleft, where future external acoustic meatus will form. Distal portion will form tympanic cavity (lining will become eardrum) Proximal portion will become auditory tube |
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Second pouch |
Forms buds that penetrate surrounding mesenchyme, which together form the palatine tonsils |
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Third pouch |
Forms thymus and inferior parathyroid glands |
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Fourth pouch |
Forms superior parathyroid glands |
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Fifth pouch |
Forms utlimobranchial body |
Cardiac Muscle
Fibres anastomose through cross bridges
Fibres are short, connected end to end at intercalated discs, also striated, contract automatically
Light microscopic Structure:
Short fibres connected at intercalated disks, 85 - 100 µm long, 15 µm
same bands as in skeletal muscle, 1 or 2 nuclei - oval and central, in perinuclear area is a sarcoplasmic reticulum, intercalated discs lie at the Z line
Electron microscopic structure:
Between myofibrils lie the mitochondria, 2,5 µm long mitochondria, dense cristae
and are as long as the sarcomere, fibres have more glycogen than skeletal muscle fibres
myofilaments, actin and myosin are the same as in skeletal muscle, the sarcoplasmic reticulum differs in that there is no terminal sisterna. The sarcotubules end in little feet that
sit on the T-tubule
Intercalated Disc:
on Z lines, fibres interdigitate,
3 types of junctions in the disc
Transverse Part:
zonula adherens
desmosomes
Lateral Part:
Gap junctions (nexus) - for impulse transfer
Mechanism of Contraction:
slide - ratchet like in skeletal muscle, certain fibres are modified for conduction, Impulses spread from cell to cell through gap junctions, Purkinje cells are found in the AV bundle
they have less myofibrils, lots of glycogen and intercalated discs
Connective tissue coverings:
Only endomycium in cardiac muscle, Blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves lie in the endomycium
Nerves of the Palate
- The sensory nerves of the palate, which are branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion, are the greater and lesser palatine nerves.
- They accompany the arteries through the greater and lesser palatine foramina, respectively.
- The greater palatine nerve supplies the gingivae, mucous membrane, and glands of the hard palate.
- The lesser palatine nerve supplies the soft palate.
- Another branch of the pterygopalatine ganglion, the nasopalatine nerve, emerges from the incisive foramen and supplies the mucous membrane of the anterior part of the hard palate.
Vessels of the Palate
- The palate has a rich blood supply from branches of the maxillary artery.
- The six muscles rotate the eyeball in the orbit around three axes (sagittal, horizontal and vertical).
- The action of the muscles can be deduced by their site of insertion on the eyeball.
| Muscle | Action(s) on the Eyeball | Nerve Supply |
| Medial Rectus | Adducts | CN III |
| Lateral Rectus | Abducts | CN VI |
| Superior Rectus | Elevates, adducts, and medially rotates | CN III |
| Inferior Rectus | Depresses, adducts, and laterally rotates | CN III |
| Superior Oblique | Depresses, abducts, and medially rotates | CN IV |
| Inferior Oblique | Elevates, abducts, and laterally rotates | CN III |
-> This bone forms much of the base and posterior aspect of the skull.
-> It has a large opening called the foramen magnum, through which the cranial cavity communicates with the vertebral canal.
-> It is also where the spinal cord becomes continuous with the medulla (oblongata) of the brain stem.
-> The occipital bone is saucer-shaped and can be divided into four parts: a squamous part (squama), a basilar part (basioccipital part), and two lateral parts (condylar parts).
-> These four parts develop separately around the foramen magnum and unite at about the age of 6 years to form one bone.
-> On the inferior surfaces of the lateral parts of the occipital bone are occipital condyles, where the skull articulates with C1 vertebra (the atlas) at the atlanto-occipital joints.
-> The internal aspect of the squamous part of the occipital bone is divided into four fossae: the superior two for the occipital poles of the cerebral hemispheres, and the inferior two, called cerebellar fossae, for the cerebellar hemispheres.
Ligaments of the Joint
- The fibrous capsule is thickened laterally to form the lateral (temporomandibular) ligament. It reinforces the lateral part of this capsule.
- The base of this triangular ligament is attached to the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the articular tubercle.
- Its apex is fixed to the lateral side of the neck of the mandible.
- Two other ligaments connect the mandible to the cranium but neither provides much strength.
- The stylomandibular ligament is a thickened band of deep cervical fascia.
- It runs from the styloid process of the temporal bone to the angle of the mandible and separates the parotid and submandibular salivary glands.
- The sphenomandibular ligament is a long membranous band that lies medial to the joint.
- This ligament runs from the spine of the sphenoid bone to the lingula on the medial aspect of the mandible.