NEET MDS Lessons
Anatomy
Nerves of the Palate
- The sensory nerves of the palate, which are branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion, are the greater and lesser palatine nerves.
- They accompany the arteries through the greater and lesser palatine foramina, respectively.
- The greater palatine nerve supplies the gingivae, mucous membrane, and glands of the hard palate.
- The lesser palatine nerve supplies the soft palate.
- Another branch of the pterygopalatine ganglion, the nasopalatine nerve, emerges from the incisive foramen and supplies the mucous membrane of the anterior part of the hard palate.
Vessels of the Palate
- The palate has a rich blood supply from branches of the maxillary artery.
A. Anatomic position-erect body position with the arms at the sides and the palms upward
B. Plane or section
1. Definition-imaginary flat surface formed by an extension through an axis
2. Median plane-a vertical plane. that divides a body into right and left halves
3. Sagittal plane
- Any plane parallel to the median plane
- Divides the body into right and left portions
4. Frontal plane
- Vertical plane that forms at right angles to the sagittal plane
- Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections
- Synonymous with the term coronal plane
5. Transverse plane
- Horizontal plane that forms at right angles to the sagittal and frontal planes
- Divides the body into upper and lower portions
- Synonymous with the term horizontal plane
C. Relative positions
1. Anterior
- Nearest the abdominal surface and the front of the body
- Synonymous with the term ventral
- In referring to hands and forearms, the terms palmar and Volar are used
2. Posterior
- Back of the body
- Synonymous with the term dorsal
3. Superior
- Upper or higher
- Synonymous with the term cranial (head)
4. Inferior
- Below or lower
- Synonymous with the term caudal (tail)
- In referring to the top of the foot and the sole of the foot. the terms dorsal and plantar are used respectively
5. Medial-near to the median plane
6. Lateral-farther away from the median plane
7. Proximal-near the source or attachment
8. Distal-away from the source or. attachment
9. Superficial-near the surface
10. Deep-away from the surface
11. Afferent-conducting toward a structure
12. Efferent-conducting away from a structure
- The forehead is formed by the smooth, broad, convex plate of bone called the frontal squama.
- In foetal skulls, the halves of the frontal squama are divided by a metopic suture.
- In most people, the halves of the frontal bone begin to fuse during infancy and the suture between is usually not visible after 6 years of age.
- The frontal bone forms the thin roof of the orbits (eye sockets).
- Just superior to and parallel with each supraorbital margin is a bony ridge, the superciliary arch, which overlies the frontal sinus. This arch is more pronounced in males.
- Between these arches there is a gently, rounded, medial elevation called the gabella; this term derives from the Latin word glabellus meaning smooth and hairless. In most people, the skin over the gabella is hairless.
-The slight prominences of the forehead on each side, superior to the superciliary arches, are called frontal eminences (tubers).
- The supraorbital foramen (occasionally a notch), which transmits the supraorbital vessels and nerve is located in the medial part of the supraorbital margin.
- The frontal bone articulates with the two parietal bones at the coronal suture.
-It also articulates with the nasal bones at the frontonasal suture. At the point where this suture crosses the internasal suture in the medial plane, there is an anthropological landmark called the nasion . The depression is located at the root of the nose, where it joins the cranium.
- The frontal bone also articulates with the zygomatic, lacrimal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones.
In about 8% of adult skulls, a remnant of the inferior part of the metopic (interfrontal) suture is visible. It may be mistaken in radiographs for a fracture line by inexperienced observers.
- The superciliary arches are relatively sharp ridges of bone and a blow to them may lacerate the skin and cause bleeding.
- Bruising of the skin over a superciliary arch causes tissue fluid and blood to accumulate in the surrounding connective tissue, which gravitates into the upper eyelid and around the eye. This results in swelling and a "black eye".
- Compression of the supraorbital nerve as it emerges from its foramen causes considerable pain, a fact that may be used by anaesthesiologists and anaesthetists to determine the depth of anaesthesia and by physicians attempting to arouse a moribund patient.
- The six muscles rotate the eyeball in the orbit around three axes (sagittal, horizontal and vertical).
- The action of the muscles can be deduced by their site of insertion on the eyeball.
| Muscle | Action(s) on the Eyeball | Nerve Supply |
| Medial Rectus | Adducts | CN III |
| Lateral Rectus | Abducts | CN VI |
| Superior Rectus | Elevates, adducts, and medially rotates | CN III |
| Inferior Rectus | Depresses, adducts, and laterally rotates | CN III |
| Superior Oblique | Depresses, abducts, and medially rotates | CN IV |
| Inferior Oblique | Elevates, abducts, and laterally rotates | CN III |
|
First pouch |
Auditory tube, which comes in contact with epithelial line of first pharyngeal cleft, where future external acoustic meatus will form. Distal portion will form tympanic cavity (lining will become eardrum) Proximal portion will become auditory tube |
|
Second pouch |
Forms buds that penetrate surrounding mesenchyme, which together form the palatine tonsils |
|
Third pouch |
Forms thymus and inferior parathyroid glands |
|
Fourth pouch |
Forms superior parathyroid glands |
|
Fifth pouch |
Forms utlimobranchial body |
CARTILAGE
There are 3 types:
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Matrix is made up by: Hyaluronic acid
Proteoglycans
- In cartilage the protein core of the proteoglycan molecule binds through a linking protein to hyaluronic acid to form a proteoglycan aggregate which binds to the fibres
- In the matrix there are spaces, lacunae in which one to three of the cells of cartilage, chondrocytes, are found
- The matrix around the lacuna is the territorial matrix
- Type II collagen fibrils are embedded in the matrix
- The type of fiber depends on the type of cartilage
- Cartilage is surrounded by perichondrium which is a dense CT
- Apositional growth takes place in the perichondrium
- The fibroblasts of the perichondrium change to elliptic chondroblasts which later change to round chondrocytes
- Interstitial growth takes place around the lacunae
- Nutrients diffuse through the matrix to get to the chondrocytes this limits the thickness of cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Found: Rib cartilage, articulating surfaces, nose, larynx, trachea, embryonic skeleton, Articulating cartilage has no perichondrium
Bluish-white and translucent
Contains type II collagen that is not visible
Elastic cartilage
Found: external auditory canal, epiglottis
Similar to hyaline except that it contains many elastic fibres ,Yellow in colour, Can be continuous with hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Found: Intervertebral disk, symphysis pubis
Always associated with dense CT, Many collagen fibres in the matrix, No perichondrium
- Chondrocytes tend to lie in rows, Can withstand strong forces
Intramembranous ossification
- Flat bones develop in this way (bones of the skull)
- This type of bone development takes place in mesenchymal tissue
- Mesenchymal cells condense to form a primary ossification centre (blastema)
- Some of the condensed mesenchymal cells change to osteoprogenitor cells
- Osteoprogenitor cells change into osteoblasts which start to deposit bone
- As the osteoblasts deposit bone some of them become trapped in lacunae in the bone and then change into osteocytes
- Osteoblasts lie on the surface of the newly formed bone
- As more and more bone is deposited more and more osteocytes are formed from mesenchymal cells
- The bone that is formed is called a spicule
- This process takes place in many places simultaneously
- The spicules fuse to form trabeculae
- Blood vessels grow into the spaces between the trabeculae
- Mesenchymal cells in the spaces give rise to hemopoetic tissue
- This type of bone development forms the first phase in endochondral development
- It is also responsible for the growth of short bones and the thickening of long bones