Seborrheic keratosis
1. A round, brown-colored, flat wart.
2. Most often seen in middle-aged to older adults.
3. A benign lesion.

HERPES SIMPLEX

An infection with herpes simplex virus characterized by one or many clusters of small vesicles filled with clear fluid on slightly raised inflammatory bases.

The two types of herpes simplex virus (HSV) are HSV-1 and HSV-2. HSV-1 commonly causes herpes labialis, herpetic stomatitis, and keratitis; HSV-2 usually causes genital herpes, is transmitted primarily by direct (usually sexual) contact with lesions, and results in skin lesions

Primary infection of HSV-1 typically causes a gingivostomatitis, which is most common in infants and young children. Symptoms include irritability, anorexia, fever, gingival inflammation, and painful ulcers of the mouth.

Primary infection of HSV-2 typically occurs on the vulva and vagina or penis in young adults

Herpetic whitlow, a swollen, painful, and erythematous lesion of the distal phalanx, results from inoculation of HSV through a cutaneous break or abrasion and is most common in health care workers.

Megaloblastic anaemia

Metabolism: B12(cyanocobalamin) is a coenzyme in DNA synthesis and for maintenance of nervous system. Daily requirement 2 micro grams. Absorption in terminal ileum in the presence gastric intrinsic factor. It is stored in liver mainly-

Folic acid (Pteroylglutamic acid) is needed for DNA synthesis.. Daily requirement 100 micro grams. Absorption in duodenum  and jejunum

Causes of deficiency .-

- Nutritional deficiency-
- Malabsorption syndrome.
- Pernicious anaemia (B12).
- Gastrectomy (B12).
- Fish tapeworm infestation (B12).
- Pregnancy and puerperium (Folic acid mainly).
- Myeloproliferative disorders (Folic acid).
- Malignancies (Folic acid).
- Drug induced (Folic-acid)

Features:

(i) Megaloblastic anaemia.
(ii) Glossitis.
(iii) Subacute combined degeneration (in B12deficiency).

Blood picture :

- Macrocytic normochromic anaemia.
- Anisocytosis and poikilocytosis with Howell-Jolly bodies and  basophilic stippling.
- Occasional megalo blasts may be-seen.
- Neutropenia with hypersegmented neutrophills and macropolycytes.
- Thrombocytopenia.
- Increased MVC and MCH with normal or decreased MCHC.

Bone marrow:

- Megaloblasts are seen. They are larger with a more open stippled chromatin. The nuclear maturation lags behind. the cytoplasmic maturation. Maturation arrest is seen (more of early forms).
- Immature cells of granulocyte series are also larger.
 -Giant stab forms (giant metamyelocytes).
 

Lymphopenia:
Causes

-As part of pancytopenia.
-Steroid administration.

Hematological examination

This is a method by which abnormalities of the cells of the blood and their precursors in the bone marrow are investigated to diagnose the different kinds of anemia & leukemia.

THE THYROID GLAND

The thyroid gland develops embryologically from the developing pharyngeal epithelium that descends from the foramen cecum at the base of the tongue to its normal position in the anterior neck. This pattern of descent explains the occasional presence of ectopic thyroid tissue, most commonly located at the base of the tongue (lingual thyroid) or at other sites abnormally high in the neck.