Nephrolithiasis, urolithiasis

Formation of calculi (calcium stones) in the kidney (nephrolithiasis) or urinary tract (urolithiasis).
Commonly associated with hyperparathyroidism.
Signs and symptoms 

urinary tract obstruction, severe pain, and pyelonephritis.

Note: an enlarged prostate can also cause urinary tract obstruction in males.

Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH).

Feature:

• Acquired RBC rnembrane defect rendering it susceptible  to complement lysis.
• Features of intravascular haemolysis.
• Blood picture of haemolysis anemais with pancytopenia.
• Ham’s acid serum test (lysis at 37COin acid pH) + ve

HYPERTROPHY
Increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to increase in the size of its Constituent cells.

1. Skeletal muscle due to -exercise.

2. Cardiac muscle of:
- Left ventricle in:
    o    Hypertension.
    o    Aortic valvular lesion.
    o    Severe anaemia.
- Right ventricle in :
    o    Mitral stenosis
    o    Cor pulmonale
    
3. Smooth muscle of:

- GIT proximal to strictures.
- Uterus in pregnancy.
 

Alzheimer’s disease
a. The most common cause of dementia in older people.
b. Characterized by degeneration of neurons in the cerebral cortex.
c. Histologic findings include amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.
d. Clinically, the disease takes years to develop and results in the loss of cognition, memory, and the ability to ommunicate. Motor problems, contractures, and paralysis are some of the symptoms at the terminal stage.

Streptococcal pharyngitis:

A disease of young people, enlarged lymphoid nodules and keratin plugs in the tonsillar pits is seen Complications include retro-pharyngeal abscess (quinsy)

Cellulitis of the deep tissues of the neck is Ludwig's angina

Scarlet fever ("scarlatina") is a strep throat caused by a streptococcus with the gene to make one of the erythrogenic toxins, Patients have a rash with PMNs

Streptococcal skin infections (Impetigo)

Erysipelas is a severe skin infection caused by group A strep; geographic of red, thickened, indurated areas of the skin are characteristic. Unlike staph infections, there is usually little or no tissue necrosis

Post-streptococcal hypersensitivity diseases include rheumatic fever, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, and some cases of erythema nodosum

Hyperthyroidism 

Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis) is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated circulating levels of free T3 and T4 . This may primary (Graves disease) or rarely, secondary (due to pituitary or hypothalamic diseases).

- The diagnosis is based on clinical features and laboratory data. 

Lab Test

- The measurement of serum TSH concentration provides the most useful single screening test for hyperthyroidism, because TSH levels are decreased in primary cases, even when the disease is still be subclinical. 
- In secondary cases TSH levels are either normal or raised. 
- A low TSH value is usually associated with increased levels of free T4 . 
- Occasionally, hyperthyroidism results from increased levels of T3 .