Monocytosis:
Causes

-Infections causing lymphocytosis, especialy tuberculosis and typhoid. 
-Monocytic leukaemia.
-Some auto immune diseases.

HERPES SIMPLEX

An infection with herpes simplex virus characterized by one or many clusters of small vesicles filled with clear fluid on slightly raised inflammatory bases.

The two types of herpes simplex virus (HSV) are HSV-1 and HSV-2. HSV-1 commonly causes herpes labialis, herpetic stomatitis, and keratitis; HSV-2 usually causes genital herpes, is transmitted primarily by direct (usually sexual) contact with lesions, and results in skin lesions

Primary infection of HSV-1 typically causes a gingivostomatitis, which is most common in infants and young children. Symptoms include irritability, anorexia, fever, gingival inflammation, and painful ulcers of the mouth.

Primary infection of HSV-2 typically occurs on the vulva and vagina or penis in young adults

Herpetic whitlow, a swollen, painful, and erythematous lesion of the distal phalanx, results from inoculation of HSV through a cutaneous break or abrasion and is most common in health care workers.

Nephrolithiasis, urolithiasis

Formation of calculi (calcium stones) in the kidney (nephrolithiasis) or urinary tract (urolithiasis).
Commonly associated with hyperparathyroidism.
Signs and symptoms 

urinary tract obstruction, severe pain, and pyelonephritis.

Note: an enlarged prostate can also cause urinary tract obstruction in males.

General chromosome abnormalities
The normal human cell contains 46 chromosomes, including 22 homologous pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX for female and XY for male). A somatic cell is diploid, containing 46 chromosomes. Gametes are haploid, containing 23 chromosomes.
Aneuploidy
(a) Any deviation in the number of chromosomes, whether fewer or more, from the normal haploid number of chromosomes.
(b) Nondisjunction—a common cause of aneuploidy. It is the failure of chromosomes to pass to separate cells during meiotic or mitotic cell division.
(c) Often seen in malignant tumors.
 

Deletion: loss of a sequence of DNA from a chromosome.
 

Translocation: the separation of a chromosome and the attachment of the area of separation to another chromosome.

Osteopetrosis (Albers-Schönberg disease or marble bone disease) 

is a group of rare genetic disorders characterized by reduced osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and therefore defective bone remodelling. The bones are solid and heavy with no medullary canal, long ends are bulbous, small neural foramina compress nerves. The affected bone is grossly dense but fractures occur readily like a piece of chalk. 

Patients frequently have cranial nerve compressions by the surrouding bone, and recurrent infections. The latter is attributable to diminished hematopoiesis resulting from reduced marrow space with impressive hepatosplenomegaly due to extramedullary hematopoiesis 
 
a. Caused by abnormal osteoclasts. This results in defective bone remodeling (i.e., abnormally low bone resorption) and increased bone density, which may invade into bone marrow space.
b. Causes severe defects in infants, including:
(1) Anemia and infections—caused by decreased bone marrow.
(2) Blindness, deafness, paralysis of facial muscles—caused by the narrowing of cranial nerve foramina.
(3) Is life-threatening.
(4) Oral findings include delayed eruption of teeth.
c. Disease is less severe in adults

Clinical genetics (cytogenetics),

This is a method in which inherited chromosomal abnormalities in the germ cells or acquired chromosomal abnormalities in somatic cells are investigated using the techniques of molecular biology.