NEET MDS Lessons
Dental Materials
Pit-and-Fissure Dental Sealants
Applications/Use
Occlusal surfaces of newly erupted posterior teeth
Labial surfaces of anterior teeth with fissures
Occlusal surfaces of teeth in older patients with reduced saliva flow (because low saliva increases the susceptibility to caries)
Types
Polymerization method
Self-curing (amine accelerated)
Light curing (light accelerated)
Filler content
Unfilled-most systems are unfilled because filler tends to interfere with wear away from self-cleaning occlusal areas(sealants are designed to wear away, except where there is no self-cleaning action a common misconception is that sealants should be wear resistant)
Components
Monomer-BIS-GMA with TEGDM diluent to facilitate flow into pits and fissures prior to cure
Initiator-benzoyl peroxide (in self-cured) and diketone (in light cured)
Accelerator-amine (In light cured)
Opaque filler-I % titanium dioxide. or other colorant to make the material detectable on tooth surfaces
Reinforcing filler-generally not added because wear resistance is not required within pits and fissures
Reaction-free radical reaction
Manipulation
Preparation
Clean pits and fissures of organic debris. Do not apply fluoride before etching because it will tend to make enamel more acid resistant. Etch occlusal surfaces, pits, and fissures for 30 seconds (gel) or 60 seconds (liquid) with 37% phosphoric acid . Wash occlusal surfaces for 20 seconds. Dry etched area for 20 seconds with clean air spray. Apply sealant and polymerize
Mixing or dispensing
Self-cured-mix equal amounts of liquids in Dappen dish for 5 seconds with brush applicator. Light cured-dispense from syringe tips
Placement
-pits, fissures, and occlusal surfaces --> Allow 60 seconds for self-cured materials to set.
Finishing
Remove unpolymerized and excess material .Examine hardness of sealant. Make occlusal adjustments where necessary in sealant; some sealant materials are self-adjusting
Properties
Physical
Wetting-low-viscosity sealants wet acid etched tooth structure the best
Mechanical
Wear resistance should not be too great because sealant should be able to wear off of self-cleaning areas of tooth
Be careful to protect sealants during polishing procedures with air abrading units to prevent sealant loss
Clinical efficacy
Effectiveness is 100% if retained in pits and fissures .Requires routine clinical evaluation for resealing of areas of sealant loss attributable to poor retention .
Sealants resist effects of topical fluorides
Introduction
The science of dental materials involves a study of the composition and properties of materials and the way in which they interact with the environment in which they are placed
Selection of Dental materials
The process of materials selection should ideally follow a logical sequence involving
(1) analysis of the problem,
(2) consideration of requirements,
(3) consideration of available materials and their properties, leading to
(4) choice of material.
Evaluation of the success or failure of a material may be used to influence future decisions on materials selection.
Mercury bioactivity
- Metallic mercury is the least toxic from and is absorbed primarily through the lungs rather than the GI tract or skin
- Mercury in the body may come from air, water, food. dental (a low amount). Or medical sources
- Half life for mercury elimination from body is 55 days .-
- mercury toxicity is <50 µm / m3 on average per 40-hour work week.
- Mercury hypersensitivity is estimated as less than 1 per 100,000,000 persons
- Indium-containing amalgams can have lower Hg vapor pressures than conventional dental amalgam
Suspension liners
Applications
o Dentin lining under amalgam restorations
o Stimulation of reparative dentin formation
Components
-Calcium hydroxide powder
-Water
-Modifiers
Manipulation
Used as W/P or pastes Paint thin film on dentin → Use forced air for 15 to 30 seconds to dry → Film is thicker (15 µm) than varnishes → Do not use on enamel or cavosurface margins
Properties
Physical
-Electrically insulating barrier
-Too thin to be thermally insulating
Chemical
-High basicity for calcium hydroxide (pH is II)
-Dissolves readily in water and should not be used at exposed cavosurface margins or gaps may form
Mechanical - weak film
Biologic - calcium hydroxide dissolves, diffuses, and stimulates odontoblasts to occlude dentin tubules below cavity preparation
SELECTION OF SPRUE
1 . DIAMETER :
It should be approximately the same size of the thickest portion of the wax pattern .
Too small sprue diameter suck back porosity results .
2 . SPRUE FORMER ATTACHMENT :
Sprue should be attached to the thickest portion of the wax pattern .
It should be Flared for high density alloys & Restricted for low density alloys .
3 . SPRUE FORMER POSITION
Based on the
1. Individual judgement .
2. Shape & form of the wax pattern .
Patterns may be sprued directly or indirectly .
Indirect method is commonly used
CASTING DEFECTS
Classification :
1) Distortion.
2) Surface roughness .
3) Porosity .
4)Incomplete casting .
5) Oxidation .
6) Sulfur contamination .
Distortion
It is usually due to the distortion of wax pattern.
To avoid this :
Manipulation of the wax at its softening temp
Invest the pattern at the earliest .
If storage is necessary store it in a refrigerator .
Surface roughness
May be due to :
Air bubbles on the wax pattern .
Cracks due to rapid heating of the investment .
High W/P ratio .
Prolonged heating of the mold cavity .
Overheating of the gold alloy .
Too high or too low casting pressure .
Composition of the investment .
Foreign body inclusion.
POROSITY
May be internal or external .
External porosity causes discolouration .
Internal porosity weakens the restoration .
Classification of porosity .
I .Those caused by solidification shrinkage :
a) Localised shrinkage porosity .
b) Suck back porosity .
c) Microporosity .
They are usually irregular in shape .
II ) Those caused by gas :
a) Pin hole porosity .
b) Gas inclusions .
c) Subsurface porosity .
Usually they are spherical in shape .
III ) Those caused by air trapped in the mold :
Back pressure porosity .
Localised shrinkage porosity
Large irregular voids found near sprue casting junction.
Occurs when cooling sequence is incorrect .
If the sprue solidifies before the rest of the casting , no more molten metal is supplied from the sprue which can cause voids or pits (shrink pot porosity )
This can be avoided by -
- using asprue of correct thickness .
- Attach the sprue to the thickest portion of the pattern .
-Flaring of the sprue at the point of atttachment .
-Placing a reservoir close to the pattern .
Suck back porosity
It is an external void seen in the inside of a crown opposite the sprue .
Hot spot is created which freezes last .
It is avoided by :
Reducing the temp difference between the mold & molten alloy .
Microporosity :
Fine irregular voids within the casting .
Occurs when casting freezes rapidly .
Also when mold or casting temp is too low .
Pin hole porosity :
Upon solidification the dissolved gases are expelled from the metal causing tiny voids .
Pt & Pd absorb Hydrogen .
Cu & Ag absorb oxygen .
Gas inclusion porosities
Larger than pin hole porosities .
May be due to dissolved gases or due to gases Carried in or trapped by molten metal .
Apoorly adjusted blow torech can also occlude gases .
Back pressure porosity
This is caused by inadequate venting of the mold .The sprue pattern length should be adjusted so that there is not more than ¼” thickness of the investmentbetween the bottom of the casting .
This can be prevented by :
- using adequate casting force .
-use investment of adequate porosity .
-place the pattern not more than 6-8 mm away from tne end of the casting .
Casting with gas blow holes
This is due to any wax residue in the mold .
To eliminate this the burnout should be done with the sprue hol facing downwards for the wax pattern to run down.
Incomplete casting
This is due to :
- insufficient alloy .
-Alloy not able to enter thin parts of the mold .
-When the mold is not heated to the casting temp .
-Premature solidification of the alloy .
-sprues blocked with foreign bodies .
-Back pressure of gases .
-low casting pressure .
-Alloy not sufficiently molten .
Too bright & shiny casting with short & rounded margins :
occurs when wax is eliminated completely ,it combines with oxygen or air to form carbon monoxide .
Small casting :
occurs when proper expansion is not obtained & due to the shrinkage of the impression .
Contamination of the casting
1) Due to overheating there is oxidation of metal .
2) Use of oxidising zone of the flame .
3) Failure to use a flux .
4) Due to formation sulfur compounds .
Black casting
It is due to :
1) Overheating of the investment .
2) Incomplete elimination of the wax .
DISTORTION OF THE PATTERN
Distortion is dependant on temperature & time interval before investing .
To avoid any distortion ,
Invest the pattern as soon as possible .
Proper handling of the pattern .
PREREQUISITES
Wax pattern should be evaluated for smoothness , finish & contour .
Pattern is inspected under magnification & residual flash is removed .