DIAGNOSIS

Affective disorders:
I. unipolar depression – depression alone
bipolar affective disorder – alternating II. bipolar affective disorder – alternating depression and mania

Diagnosis is based on 

At least five of the following for 2 weeks
I. Depressed mood most of the day
II. Markedly diminished interest or pleasureII. Markedly diminished interest or pleasure
III. Significant weight loss or weight
IV. Insomnia or hypersomnia
V. Psychomotor agitation or retardation
VI. Fatigue or loss of energy
VII. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
VIII. Diminished ability to think or concentrate, 
IX. Recurrent thoughts of death

Underlying biological basis for depression is a deficiency of the monoamine neurotransmitters  norepinephrine and/or serotonin in the brain.

Buspirone

1. Short half-life (2–4 hours).
2. Relieves anxiety.
3. Does not act as an anticonvulsant.
4. Is not a good muscle relaxant.
5. Minimum abuse potential.

ANTIBIOTICS

Chemotherapy: Drugs which inhibit or kill the infecting organism and have no/minimum effect on the recipient.

Antibiotic these are substances produced by microorganisms which suppress the growth of or kill other micro-organisms at very low concentrations.

Anti-microbial Agents: synthetic as well as naturally obtained drugs that attenuate micro-organism.

SYNTHETIC ORGANIC ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS

Sulfonamides

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

Quinolones – Ciprofloxacin

ANTIBIOTICS THAT ACT ON THE BACTERIAL CELL WALL

Penicillins

Cephalosporins

Vancomycin

INHIBITORS OF BACTERIAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Aminoglycosides - Gentamicin

Antitubercular Drugs: Isoniazid & Rifampin

Tetracyclines

Chloramphenicol

Macrolides – Erythromycin, Azithromycin

Clindamycin

Mupirocin

Linezolid

 ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS

Polyene Antibiotics (Amphotericin B, Nystatin and Candicidin)

Imidazole and Triazole Antifungal Drugs

Flucytosine

Griseofulvin

ANTIPROTOZOAL DRUGS

Antimalarial Drugs – Quinine, Chloroquine, Primaquine

Other Antiprotozoal Drugs – Metronidazole, Diloxanide, Iodoquinol

 ANTIHELMINTHIC DRUGS

Praziquantel

Mebendazole

Ivermectin

ANTIVIRAL DRUGS

Acyclovir

Ribavirin

Dideoxynucleosides

Protease inhibitors

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide, Methazolamide, Ethoxzolamide

Mechanism of Action

1.    Carbonic anhydrase (CA) facilitates excretion of H+ and recovery of bicarbonate by the proximal renal tubule and ciliary epithelium of the eye. Sodium is recovered in exchange for H+. 
2.    Inhibitors block CA block sodium recovery. A very mild diuresis is produced (this is really a side effect of their use in glaucoma) because relatively unimportant mechanism for Na recovery and because proximal tubule site means that other sodium recovery mechansims continue to process their normal fraction of the sodium load.
 

Factors affecting onset and duration of action of local anesthetics

pH of tissue

pKa of drug

Time of diffusion from needle tip to nerve

Time of diffusion away from nerve

Nerve morphology

Concentration of drug

Lipid solubility of drug

Stimulants: 

Amphetamines: amphetamine is a substrate of serotonin and NE uptake transporters so in cytoplasm, it competes for transport into storage vesicles → ↑ [ ] in cytoplasm then excess amines bind to membrane transporter and are transported out of cell

Drugs: 
a.    Dextroamphetamine: psychomotor stimulant (↓ fatigue), short-term weight loss, prevents narcolepsy
b.    Methylphenidate (Ritalin): prevents narcolepsy, treatment for ADD and ADHD
c.    Methamphetamine: psychomotor stimulant, abused widely (cheap, easy to make)

Side effects: 
a.    CNS: euphoria, anxiety, agitation, delirium, paranoia, panic, suicidal/homicidal impulses, psychoses, tolerance (develops rapidly to most CNS effects), physical dependence (not clinically relevant)
b.    CV: headache, chills, arrhythmias and HTN (may be fatal)