Carbamazepine (Tegretol): most common; for generalized tonic-clonic and all partial seizures; especially active in temporal lobe epilepsies

Mechanism: ↓ reactivation of Na channels (↑ refractory period, blocks high frequency cell firing, ↓ seizure spread)

Side effects: induces hepatic microsomal enzymes (can enhance metabolism of other drugs)

Local anesthetic selection

Local anesthetics are typically divided into 3 main categories:

short, intermediate and long acting local anesthetics.

Based on duration of the procedure and the duration of the individual agents

Short acting agents

1. Mepivacaine 3 %

2. Lidocaine 2%

Intermediate acting agents

1. Lidocaine 2% 1:100000 epi

2. Lidocaine 2% 1:50000 epi

3. Mepivacaine 2% 1:20000 neocobefrin

4. Prilocaine 4%

5. Articaine 4% 1:100000 epi

Long acting agents

1. Bupivacaine 0.5% 1:200000 epi

Clavulanic acid is often combined with amoxicillin to treat certain infections caused by bacteria, including infections of the ears, lungs, sinus, skin, and urinary tract. It works by preventing bacterium that release beta-lactamases from destroying amoxicillin.

Thiopental 

- A barbiturate that is generally used to induce anesthesia.
- The temporal course of effects from induction to recovery depends almost entirely upon progressive redistribution.
- Metabolic degradation or excretion during anesthesia is negligible, except in the case of methohexital.
- The barbiturates produce minimal analgesia.
- Respiratory depression may be pronounced.
- Cardiac output is reduced while total peripheral resistance is increased.
- It does not sensitize the heart to catecholamines.
- It may cause bronchiospasm, especially in asthmatics.
- It is contraindicated in acute intermittent porphyria.

Phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V) Phenoxymethylpenicillin, commonly known as penicillin V, is the orally-active form of penicillin. It is less active than benzylpenicillin

Indications:

infections caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, skin infections, prophylaxis of rheumatic fever, moderate-to-severe gingivitis (with metronidazole)

DOBUTAMINE

It is a derivative of dopamine and has relatively β1 -selective action and it also activates α1 receptors and do not have D1  receptor agonistic property. It increases the force of myocardial contraction and cardiac output without significant change in heart rate, blood pressure and peripheral resistance. It is used as inotropic agent and for short term management of CHF and also in patients who are unresponsive to digitalis.