DOPAMINE

It is an immediate metabolic precursor of noradrenaline. It activates D1 receptors in several vascular beds, which causes vasodilatation. It acts on dopaminergic and other adrenergic receptors (α & β1).

Adverse effects of dopamine include nausea, vomiting, ectopic beats, anginal pain, tachycardia, palpitation and widened QRS.
Contraindications are atrial or ventricular tachyarrhythmias, hyperthyroidism and pheochromocytoma.

Cephalosporins

Produced semisynthetically by chemical attachment of side chains to 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. Same mode of action , same resistance mech. 
But tend to be more resistant than penicillins to certain beta –lactamases .

GENERATION BASED ON :
-- BACTERIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS
-- RESISTANCE TO BETA –LACTAMASES
--NOT EFFECTIVE AGAINST -MRSA , L. MONOCYTOGENES , C. DIFFICLE , ENTEROCOCCI

First Generation 

Parentral

- CEPHALOTHIN
- CEFAZOLIN

Oral

- CEPHALEXIN
- CEPHRADINE
- CEFADROXIL

Second Generation

Parentral

CEFUROXIME
CEFOXITIN

Oral

CEFACLOR
CEFUROXIME AXETIL

Third Generation

Parentral

CEFOTAXIME 
CEFTIZOXIME
CEFTRIAXONE 
CEFTAZIDIME
CEFOPERAZONE

Oral 

CEFIXIME 
CEFPODOXIME
CEFDINIR 
CEFTIBUTEN

Fourth Generation

Parentral

CEFEPIME
CEFPIROME

Oxycodone  
About equal potency to morphine. Very effective orally.

It is combined with aspirin or acetaminophen for the treatment of moderate pain and is available orally

Oxycodone is a semisynthetic compound derived from thebaine, with agonist activity primarily at mu receptors.

ISOPRENALINE

It is beta-receptor stimulant, which stimulates the heart and causes tachycardia.
It relaxes the smooth muscles particularly the bronchial and GIT. It is mainly used in bronchial asthma, in the treatment of shock and as a cardiac stimulant in heart block. 

ORCIPRENALINE
Is a potent β-adrenergic agonist.
Receptor sites in the bronchi and bronchioles are more sensitive to the drug than those in the heart and blood vessels.

AMPHETAMINE 

increases the systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Amphetamine is a potent CNS stimulant and causes alertness, insomnia, increased concentration, euphoria or dysphoria and increased work capacity.

Amphetamines are drugs of abuse and can produce behavioural abnormalities and can precipitate psychosis. 

PHENYLEPHRINE
It is used as a nasal decongestant and mydriatic agent and also in the treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.

UTERINE RELAXANTS (TOCOLYTICS)

ISOXSUPRINE
Isoxsuprine has a potent inhibitory effect on vascular and uterine smooth muscle and has been used in the treatment of dysmenorrhoea, threatened abortion, premature labour and peripheral vascular diseases. 
 

Gentamicin

Gentamicin is a aminoglycoside antibiotic, and can treat many different types of bacterial infections, particularly Gram-negative infection.

Gentamicin works by binding to a site on the bacterial ribosome, causing the genetic code to be misread.

Like all aminoglycosides, gentamicin does not pass the gastro-intestinal tract, so it can only be given intravenously or intramuscularly.

Gentamicin can cause deafness or a loss of equilibrioception in genetically susceptible individuals. These individuals have a normally harmless mutation in their DNA, that allows the gentamicin to affect their cells. The cells of the ear are particularly sensitive to this.

Gentamicin can also be highly nephrotoxic, particularly if multiple doses accumulate over a course of treatment. For this reason gentamicin is usually dosed by body weight. Various formulae exist for calculating gentamicin dosage. Also serum levels of gentamicin are monitored during treatment.

E. Coli has shown some resistance to Gentamicin, despite being gram-negative

Ketoconazole

synthetic antifungal drug

used for infections such as  athlete's foot, ringworm, candidiasis (yeast infection or thrush), jock itch.

Ketoconazole is used to treat eumycetoma, the fungal form of mycetoma.

MOA: Ketoconazole is imidazole structured, and interferes with the fungal synthesis of  ergosterol, the main constituent of cell membranes, as well as certain enzymes. It is specific for fungi, as mammalian cell membranes contain no ergosterol.

Sensitive fungi Ketoconazole inhibits growth of  dermatophytes and  yeast species (such as Candida albicans).