Example calculations of maximum local anesthetic doses for a 15-kg child

Articaine

5 mg/kg maximum dose × 15 kg = 75 mg

4% articaine = 40 mg/mL

75 mg/(40 mg/mL) = 1.88 mL

1 cartridge = 1.8 mL

Therefore, 1 cartridge is the maximum

Lidocaine

7 mg/kg × 15 kg = 105 mg

2% lidocaine = 20 mg/mL

105 mg/(20 mg/mL) = 5.25 mL

1 cartridge = 1.8 mL

Therefore, 2.9 cartridges is the maximum

Mepivacaine

6.6 mg/kg × 15 kg = 99 mg

3% mepivacaine = 30 mg/mL

99 mg/(30 mg/mL) = 3.3 mL

1 cartridge = 1.8 mL

Therefore, 1.8 cartridges is the maximum.

Prilocaine

8 mg/kg × 15 kg = 120 mg

4% prilocaine = 40 mg/mL

120 mg/(40 mg/mL) = 3 mL

1 cartridge = 1.8 mL

Therefore, 1.67 cartridges is the maximum

Procaine penicillin Procaine penicillin is a combination of benzylpenicillin with the local anaesthetic agent procaine. This combination is aimed at reducing the pain and discomfort associated with a large intramuscular injection of penicillin.

Indications

respiratory tract infections where compliance with oral treatment is unlikely ,syphilis, cellulitis

Procoagulant Drugs:

Desmospressin Acetate

• Is a synthetic analogue of the pituitary antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

• Stimulates the activity of Coagulation Factor VIII

• Use for treatment of hemophilia A with factor VIII levels less than or equal to 5%, treatment of hemophilia B or in clients who have factor VIII antibodies. Treatment of severe classic von Willebrand's disease (type I) and when an abnormal molecular form of factor VIII antigen is present. Use for type IIB von Willebrand's disease.

ANTIASTHMATIC AGENTS

 Classification for antiasthmatic drugs.
 
I. Bronchodilators

i. Sympathomimetics (adrenergic receptor agonists)

Adrenaline, ephedrine, isoprenaline, orciprenaline, salbutamol, terbutaline, salmeterol, bambuterol

ii. Methylxanthines (theophylline and its derivatives)

Theophylline 
Hydroxyethyl theophylline 
Theophylline ethanolate of piperazine

iii. Anticholinergics

Atropine methonitrate 
Ipratropium bromide

II. Mast cell stabilizer

Sodium cromoglycate
Ketotifen 

III. Corticosteroids

Beclomethasone dipropionate 
Beclomethasone (200 µg) with salbutamol

IV. Leukotriene pathway inhibitors 

Montelukast 
Zafirlukast

Heroin (diacetyl morphine)

Heroin is synthetically derived from the natural opioid alkaloid morphine

Largely owing to its very rapid onset of action and very short half-life, heroin is a popular drug of abuse

It is most effective when used intravenously

Heroin is rapidly deacetylated to 6-monoacetyl morphine and morphine, both of which are active at the mu opioid receptor

More lipid soluble than morphine and about 2½ times more potent.  It enters the CNS more readily.

Loperamide

• Similar chemically and pharmacologically to Diphenoxylate.
• Slows gastrointestinal motility by effects on the circular and longitudinal muscles of the intestine.
• Not well absorbed following oral administration.
• Useful in the treatment of diarrhea.