• Cheiloscopy: The examination of lip prints.

• Gustafson's Method for Age Estimation: Includes assessment of:

  • Amount of occlusal attrition

  • Secondary dentine deposition (coronal)

  • Periodontal attachment loss

  • Cementum apposition at root apex

  • Root resorption at apex

  • Dentine translucency

• Pulp Polyp (Chronic Hyperplastic Pulpitis):

  • Source of epithelium: Implantation of desquamated cells from saliva or by implantation from oral mucosa due to continuous rubbing.

  • Most common teeth: Deciduous molars and permanent first molars.

• Periapical Granuloma: Always associated with a non-vital tooth.

• Garre's Osteomyelitis: Another name for Chronic Osteomyelitis with Proliferative Periostitis.

• Actinomycosis (Sulfur Granules):

  • Yellow sulfur granules: Are actually bacterial colonies.

  • Histopathology: Colonies appear "cotton wool" shaped. (Note: "Cotton wool appearance" is seen radiographically in Paget's disease).

• Tuberculosis (TB):

  • Diagnosis (Gold Standard): Presence of acid-fast bacilli in sputum.

  • Staining Method: Ziehl-Neelsen staining method is used to identify acid-fast bacilli.

  • Scrofula: TB of cervical lymph nodes.

  • Lupus Vulgaris: TB of skin.

• Tongue & Gingival Appearance in Systemic Conditions:

  • Strawberry tongue and Raspberry tongue: Seen in stomatitis of Scarlet Fever.

  • Strawberry Gingivitis: Seen in Wegener's Granulomatosis.

• Lichen Planus:

  • Reticular form: Most common type, characterized by Wickham's striae.

  • Malignant potential: Atrophic and erosive forms are associated with significant malignant transformation risk.

  • Histology: Saw-tooth shaped rete pegs.

• Solar Elastosis: Characterized clinically by "sailor's skin" or "farmer's skin" (due to chronic sun exposure).

• Psoriasis & Hereditary Gingival Fibromatosis: Both show test tube-shaped rete pegs histologically.

• LE Cell Test: LE cells represent rosettes of neutrophils that have phagocytosed other leukocytes (seen in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus).

• Tzanck Cells: Seen in vesiculobullous conditions like Pemphigus, Herpes Simplex, Varicella, Herpes Zoster, and CMV infection.

• Ectodermal Dysplasia: Characterized by truncated, conical teeth and missing teeth (hypodontia).

• Widened Periodontal Ligament Space: Extreme widening seen in Scleroderma and Osteosarcoma.

• Geographic Tongue & Psoriasis: Share a common histological feature: Munro's abscesses (neutrophilic microabscesses).

Paget's Disease

• Chief Complaint: Denture tightening (due to arch expansion)
• Fractures: Chalk-stick fractures
• Facial Feature: Leontiasis ossea (lion-like facies)
• Radiology: Cotton wool appearance
• Histology: Jigsaw puzzle pattern
• Clinical: Bone warm to touch (↑ vascularity)
• Laboratory: ↑ Alkaline phosphatase (>250 Bodansky units)
• Other Signs: Osteoporosis circumscripta, platybasia
• Memory Aid: "Paget's Patients Prefer Tight Dentures"

Osteopetrosis

• Radiographic Sign: Rugger Jersey Spine (classic)
• Fractures: Chalk-stick fractures

Fibrous Dysplasia

• Facial Feature: Leontiasis ossea
• Histology: Chinese script pattern
• Radiology:
  • Ground glass appearance
  • Rind sign, orange peel appearance
• Bone Deformity: Hockey stick/Shepherd's crook deformity (femur)
• Key Feature: Lesional bone fused with normal bone (vs COF)
• Memory Aid: "Fibrous Faces Feel Funny"

Cemento-Ossifying Fibroma (COF)

• Histology: Chinese script pattern
• Facial Feature: Leontiasis ossea
• Difference: NOT fused with normal bone (vs Fibrous Dysplasia)

Hyperparathyroidism

• Radiology: Ground glass appearance (brown tumor)
• Histology: Numerous giant cells, vascular stroma, hemosiderin deposits

Cherubism & Central Giant Cell Granuloma

• Histology: Same as hyperparathyroidism (giant cells + vascular stroma + hemosiderin)
• Note: Cherubism previously called "Familial fibrous dysplasia"
• Memory Aid: "Giant Cells Have Three Homes" (Hyperparathyroidism, Cherubism, CGCG)

Juvenile Ossifying Fibroma

• Aggressiveness: More aggressive than Cemento-ossifying fibroma
• Types:
  • Trabecular type: Common in jaws
  • Psammomatoid type: Involves base of skull