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Microbiology - 3 Questions

1
Microbiology
Two important factors for initiation of caries by oral streptococci are
1 production of glucosyl transferase and synthesis of insoluble dextran
2. production of acid and production or protease
3. production of collagenase and pro- duct ion of hyaluronidase
4. fermentation of mannitol and sorbitol and production of protease.

📝 Explanation:

Two important factors for initiation of caries by oral streptococci are production of glucosyl transferase and synthesis of insoluble dextran

2
Microbiology

Example Test for type IV hypersensitivity:

1) Coagulase test
2) Mantoux test
3) Schick test
4) Elek’s test

📝 Explanation:

A classic example of delayed type IV hypersensitivity is the Mantoux tuberculin test in which skin induration indicates exposure to tuberculosis.

This reaction is called "delayed hypersensitivity" because it is mediated by sensitized CD4+ T lymphocytes which process antigens in association with class II HLA molecules and release lymphokines.
The lymphokines promote a reaction (especially mediated through macrophages) beginning in hours but reaching a peak in 2 to 3 days.

Hypersensitivity reactions with this mode of action include:

 

  • Granulomatous diseases (mycobacteria, fungi)

  • Tuberculin skin reactions

  • Transplant rejection

  • Contact dermatitis

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) mediated responses: CD8+ T cells are generated and lyse specific cells. Class I HLA molecules play a role. Reactions with this mode include:

  • Neoplastic cell lysis

  • Transplant rejection

  • Virus-infected cell lysis

3
Microbiology
The main tool for detection of "cases" of tuberculosis is -
1. Sputum examination
2. Mantoux test
3. Chest X-ray
4. All of the above

📝 Explanation:

The main tool for the detection of "cases" of tuberculosis is 1. Sputum examination.

Explanation of Each Option:

  1. Sputum examination: This is the primary method for diagnosing active pulmonary tuberculosis. Sputum samples are collected and examined for the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis through microscopy (e.g., acid-fast bacilli staining) and culture methods. It is considered the gold standard for confirming active TB cases.

  2. Mantoux test: Also known as the tuberculin skin test, this test is used to determine if a person has been exposed to the tuberculosis bacteria. However, it does not diagnose active TB; rather, it indicates whether a person has been infected with the bacteria at some point.

  3. Chest X-ray: While chest X-rays are important for identifying lung abnormalities associated with tuberculosis and can support the diagnosis, they are not definitive for detecting the bacteria itself. They are often used in conjunction with sputum examination.

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